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121.
Selim Baradan Ozge Akboga Kale 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2019,25(1):40-50
The International Labour Organization (ILO) reports that the risk of fatal occupational injuries in developing countries is almost twice as high as in developed countries, indicating a potential relationship between the fatality rates and the development level. The human development index (HDI), based on life expectancy, knowledge level and purchasing power parity, endorsed by the United Nations Development Programme, is a widely accepted measure of the development level. This study investigates the relationship between the HDI and the fatality rates reported by the ILO. A 23-country data set is used to demonstrate the general trend of the relationship followed by country-specific analyses for Australia, Spain, Hungary and Turkey. The study conducted is limited to fatal occupational injuries in construction, where the accidents are notoriously high. The results demonstrate a statistically significant inverse relationship between the fatality rates and the HDI. 相似文献
122.
IntroductionIt is well recognized that driving while intoxicated increases the probability of a motor-vehicle collision (MVC). The effect of alcohol on the chance of surviving the MVC is less clear. Method: Using data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) we conducted analyses for the outcome of mortality using alcohol and other variables as predictors. We also selected alcohol positive (AP) and alcohol negative (AN) persons from the same MVC and vehicle to control for confounding characteristics. Results: The odds ratio (OR) for mortality for alcohol positive drivers was 2.57, (p < 0.001 for all the following OR). Other harmful predictive factors were age OR 1.01 per year, vehicle age OR 1.05 per year, male sex OR 1.23, avoidance maneuver OR 1.09, speed related OR 2.89, rollover mechanism OR 2.75, and collision with a fixed object OR 6.70. Protective factors were proper restraint use – OR 0.19 and collision with another moving vehicle, OR 0.21. In the multivariate analysis the OR of mortality for AP vs AN was 1.46. Proper restraint use (OR 0.27) remained protective along with collision with another moving vehicle. When AP and AN persons from the same MVC and the same vehicle were compared, the adjusted OR’s for mortality were 1.46 and 2.08, respectively. Conclusions: Alcohol is an independent predictor of mortality in an MVC. Proper restraint use is the strongest protective factor. This finding allows a more complete understanding of the risks of driving while intoxicated, not only a higher probability of an MVC, but decreased survival once the MVC occurs. Practical Applications: Identification of alcohol as an independent predictor of mortality in an accident may improve risk assessment and influence drivers to avoid driving while intoxicated. 相似文献
123.
Irena Rot-Nikcevic Christopher N. Taylor Richard J. Wassersug 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2006,60(1):116-25
Tadpoles can alter their behavior, morphology, and life history in response to habitat change. Although chemical signals from
conspecifics or predators play an important role in tadpole habitat assessment, little is known about the role of visual cues
and the extent to which tadpoles rely on their vision for intraspecific social assessment. The aim of our experiments was
to determine whether larval anurans use visual images of other tadpoles as indicators of density and to analyze how, and to
what extent, images of conspecifics alone affect tadpole development, growth, and behavior. To assess this, we raised both
Rana sylvatica and Bufo americanus tadpoles in aquaria with either quarter- or half-mirrored walls. Both physically increased density and increased density
simulated with mirrors decreased tadpole growth and developmental rates, and increased activity in Rana tadpoles. Bufo tadpoles did not significantly alter their growth and development in response to visually increased density. Only true, i.e.,
physically, increased density had an effect on growth and activity in Bufo tadpoles. Our data show that images of conspecifics are used as visual cues by Rana tadpoles and can induce phenotypically plastic changes in several traits. This response to visual cues is taxon-specific.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
124.
Over the last three decades, ambient concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO2) air pollution have declined by approximately 80%. This paper tests whether the 1970 Clean Air Act and its subsequent amendments caused this decline. The centerpiece of this legislation is the annual assignment of all counties to SO2 nonattainment or attainment categories. Polluters face stricter regulations in nonattainment counties. There are two primary findings. First, regulators pay little attention to the statutory selection rule in their assignment of the SO2 nonattainment designations. Second, SO2 nonattainment status is associated with modest reductions in SO2 air pollution, but a null hypothesis of zero effect generally cannot be rejected. This finding holds whether the estimated effect is obtained with linear adjustment or propensity score matching. Overall, the evidence suggests that the nonattainment designation played a minor role in the dramatic reduction of SO2 concentrations over the last 30 years. 相似文献
125.
David J. Gubernick Kathryn A. Schneider Lisa A. Jeannotte 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1994,34(3):225-231
Virgin male Peromyscus californicus tend to behave infanticidally or nonparentally towards pups, whereas virtually all males exhibit parental behavior following birth of their own young. Most males (65–75%) living with their pregnant partner attacked or ignored unfamiliar pups and did not become parental (behave parentally) prior to birth of their young. However, a significant minority of males (34%) living with their partner became parental after just 24 h of postcopulatory cohabitation with the female and remained parental throughout their mate's pregnancy. Males that were infanticidal before the birth of their young became parental only after their young were born. The presence of the mother was necessary for the postpartum maintenance of paternal behavior and the inhibition of infanticide in males that were infanticidal prepartum. In contrast, males that were paternal prior to birth of their young continued to be paternal after birth, even in the absence of postpartum contact with the mother. Thus, different mechanisms are involved in the inhibition of infanticide and the onset and maintenance of paternal behavior.
Correspondence to: D.J. Gubernick 相似文献
126.
We studied sampling behaviour and mate choice in the fiddler crab Uca mjoebergi. Once a female selects a mate, she copulates in his burrow and remains there until releasing her aquatic larvae. U. mjoebergi occurs in habitats that are inundated only by the highest amplitude spring tides. Females can only release their larvae during
these tides, and release before or after will result in complete failure of reproductive effort. Matings occur over a 5-day
period near the end of neap tides. Our results suggest that within the mating period, females adjust their larval developmental
rates by selecting specific burrows in which to incubate their clutches. We found that at the start of the mating period,
females chose larger males as mates. Since male size was positively correlated to burrow width, females were selecting wide
burrows and effectively incubating at lower temperatures. This would slow down the developmental rates of larvae. In contrast,
females that mated late in the mating period selectively chose small males. By incubating in narrower, warmer burrows, these
females may increase the developmental rates of larvae. We propose that females are selecting burrows to influence incubation
rate and ensure timely release of their larvae. Female U. mjoebergi appear to adjust their preference for the direct benefits of mate choice to increase their reproductive success. 相似文献
127.
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129.
苯酚及其氯代物对大型[氵蚤]的毒性效应和微观机理探讨 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
采用静态生物急性试验的方法,研究了5种酚类化合物对大型[氵蚤]的急性毒性效应,并利用正辛醇/水分配系数(Kow)对实验测得的毒性数值进行了统计分析,得到了有效的毒性估测模型。研究结果表明,大型[氵蚤]的幼溪接触不同化合物的不同浓度,活动会受到抑制,甚至死亡,苯酚、4-氯酚、2,4-二氯酚、2,3,4-三氯酚和五氯酚的48hEC50分别为9.15、4.64、4.40、1.92、0.37mg/L;根据化学物质对[氵蚤]类的毒性评价标准,这5种化合物都属高毒物质,其中五氯酚具有极高毒性。另外,五氯酚对大型[氵蚤]的致毒关键步骤不仅包括传输分配过程还有生化反应。 相似文献
130.
The degradation of a common textile dye, Reactive-brilliant red X-3B, by several advanced oxidation technologies was studied in an air-saturated aqueous solution. The dye was resistant to the UV illumination (wavelength λ 320 nm), but was decolorized when one of Fe3+, H2O2 and TiO2 components was present. The decolorization rate was observed to be quite different for each system, and the relative order evaluated under comparable conditions followed the order of Fe2+–H2O2–UV Fe2+–H2O2 > Fe3+–H2O2–UV > Fe3+–H2O2 > Fe3+–TiO2–UV > TiO2–UV > Fe3+–UV > TiO2–visible light (λ 450 nm) > H2O2–UV > Fe2+–UV. The mechanism for each process is discussed, and linked together for understanding the observed differences in reactivity. 相似文献