变化环境下北江流域水文极值演变特征、成因及影响

选用8种概率分布函数,系统分析北江上游犁市和下游石角2站的水文极值流量。以极大似然法估计函数参数,采用K-S、A-D、ABS和AIC拟合优度方法选出变化环境前后最优分布函数。并对水文极值流量变化规律及其影响作了有益探讨。结果表明:1991年后流域下垫面植被减少是造成年最大流量显著上升的主要原因。犁市站极值流量厚尾分布拟合最好,石角站薄尾分布拟合最优,变化环境前后洪水频率最优分布线型基本一致,但流量增大造成分布参数改变已导致分布线型高水尾部特性变陡,相应设计流量偏大。用水文情势发生变化前估计的洪水重现期往往不能很好地描述变化后洪水频率特征。北江上游及时修建防洪水利工程对减轻中下游的防洪压力尤为重要。     

Nontraditional settlement patterns and typhoon hazard on contemporary Majuro atoll,Republic of the Marshall Islands

Low-lying islands and atolls are particularly prone to storm surges created by tropical depressions and typhoons. This paper presents a case study of traditional and contemporary settlement patterns of Majuro, the capital of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, and discusses its vulnerability to such storm surges. The paper shows that the application of traditional knowledge extends to the realm of urban planning and that, in fact, ignoring this traditional knowledge as expressed in pre-World War II settlement patterns, exposes urban development to increased flood hazards, a risk which may exact a price too high in life and property.     

AN APPLICATION OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS TO ANALYSIS OF EXTREMES1

ABSTRACT: A convenient method for the statistical analysis of hydrologic extremes is to use probability papers to fit selected theoretical distributions to extremal observations. Three commonly accepted statistical distributions of extreme hydrologic events are: the double exponential distribution, the bounded exponential distribution, and the Log Pearson Type III distribution. In most cases, probability papers are distribution specific. But, for the Log Pearson Type III distribution, the probability paper is characterized by a population-specific parameter, namely, the coefficient of skewness. It is not practicable to procure probability papers for all possible values of this parameter. Therefore, a computer program is developed to generate population-specific probability papers and to perform statistical analysis of the data using computer graphics. Probability papers covering return periods up to 1000 years or more are generated for the three distributions mentioned above. Using a plot routine, available extremal observations are plotted on selected probability papers and a linear regression analysis is used to fit a straight line to the data. Predictions of hydrologic extremes for higher recurrence intervals can be made by extrapolating the fitted straight lines.     

太湖流域暴雨时空特征研究

暴雨灾害是一种主要的气象灾害,论文选择经济发达的太湖流域为研究区域,运用小波、线性趋势模拟、P-Ⅲ型概率密度函数、Mann-Kendall法等方法对太湖流域暴雨的时空变化特征及趋势进行分析研究。研究结果显示:①太湖流域55 a平均年暴雨日数有2.9个,年际变化幅度比较剧烈。1991—2000年是暴雨日数多发期, 1959、1968和1978年暴雨日数较少,呈弱"倒U"型。暴雨频次平均值的空间分布呈现南多北少、西多东少的分布格局。暴雨量与暴雨日数的空间分布并不一致,出现北多南少、东多西少的分布。②研究显示P-Ⅲ曲线方法在区域降水极值的研究方面具有较好的效果,太湖流域年最大日降水量趋势呈现"U"型,与太湖流域年暴雨日数的演变特征呈现不一致的趋势。55 a来,太湖地区发生的最大暴雨在250 mm内,即200 a一遇的暴雨洪水为该地区暴雨灾害的近代极值。③典型站点年暴雨降水量均有不同程度的增加趋势,以太湖中部以南的三个站点东山、杭州、慈溪最为显著,各点均存在不同程度的突变,但突变时间存在差异。④太湖流域夏季暴雨呈现2 a、9 a、13 a、25 a等多尺度的周期变化,各波动周期稳定性和显著性不同。     

不同统计方法对高原和高纬度地区低温极值结果的影响

目的 研究不同统计方法下高原和高纬度地区低温极值的特征。方法 利用高原和高寒地区国家级地面气象观测站2010～2020年间的小时温度数据,研究不同严酷月基准条件下两地低温工作极值的变化情况。结果 3种严酷月基准条件下,高原地区低温严酷月相同,工作极值没有发生变化;高纬度地区低温严酷月发生变化,导致工作极值最大差值达到3.2℃。另外,3种条件下高原地区的低温工作极值均高于高纬度地区。结论 装备在典型地区服役过程中的环境工作极值统计应明确严酷月基准条件。     

近二千年中国重大气象灾害气候变化背景初步分析

以不同分辨率建立了近二千年和近五百年中国重大气象灾害频率分布曲线。得出近二千年我国重大气象灾害频率分布，在１１世纪前低处于低发时期，１１～１２世纪灾害迅速增加，以后通过两峰两谷于１９世纪进入灾害群发时期。近五百年，１７世纪和１９世纪中叶后为两个灾害群发时期。上述灾害群发时期都发生在数百年气候变化暖的背景下的暖期和冷的背景下的冷期。另外在气候转折时期，我国重大气象灾害也群发。根据上述关系，估计现今至２０３０～２０５０年，具有灾害群的气候变化背景，我国重大气象灾害将群发，特别是洪涝与风暴潮增加，同时由于人类活动加剧，水资源开发力度加大，对于大面积干旱也不可忽视。     

Climate and the eastern repository: A comparative study

We present a comparison of the climate in prospective states or sites under consideration for the eastern repository for high-level nuclear waste in the United States.We found that atmospheric conditions over several south-eastern sites rank lower than the other prospective areas in effective dispersal, as perFederal Register 10CFR 960.5-2-3 (1984). Also, damage rates in North Carolina and Virginia, and death rates in Virginia, from tropical storms and hurricanes exceed those of the other candidate states. These storms, as well as other mechanisms, subject piedmont Virginia and North Carolina to a high frequency of flash flooding. Death rates from all weather-related causes (including winter storms, tornadoes, and weather-related vehicle accidents) are also highest in Virginia and North Carolina. This finding is rather surprising in light of tornado and blizzard frequencies in northern candidate states.Based upon a 20-year study of damage and mortality figures from the US Department of Commerce publicationStorm Data for all weather-related causes, Virginia and North Carolina rank highest. If this is taken as a measure of relative compliance withFederal Register potentially adverse condition 960.5-2-3[c][2] pertaining to the history of severe weather phenomena in relation to repository siting, then these states are the least favorable from a climatic viewpoint.     

Pre-instrumental perspectives on Arkansas River cross-watershed flow variability

We present four reconstruction estimates of Arkansas River baseflow and streamflow using a total of 78 tree-ring chronologies for three streamflow gages, geographically spanning the headwaters in Colorado to near the confluence of the Arkansas-Mississippi rivers. The estimates represent different seasonal windows, which are dictated by the shared limiting forcing of precipitation on seasonal tree growth and soil moisture—and subsequently on the variability of Arkansas River discharge. Flow extremes that were higher and lower than what has been observed in the instrumental era are recorded in each of the four reconstructions. Years of concurrent, cross-basin (all sites) low flow appear more frequently during the 20th and 21st Centuries compared to any period since 1600 A.D., however, no significant trend in cross-basin low flow is observed. As the most downstream major tributary of the Mississippi River, the Arkansas River directly influences flood risk in the Lower Mississippi River Valley. Estimates of extreme high flow in downstream reconstructions coincide with specific years of historic flooding documented in New Orleans, Louisiana, just upstream of the Mississippi River Delta. By deduction, Mississippi River flooding in years of low Arkansas River flow imply exceptional flooding contributions from the Upper Mississippi River catchments.     

Some for all,forever — sustainable development and management of water resources

SUMMARY

The notion of sustainable development in the context of water resources is discussed. Facing the increasing pressures — population growth with consequences for settlements and production of food and fibre, and human aspirations to better living standards — the business-as-usual approach to water development and management cannot he globally sustainable. The need for curbing water demands and for ‘doing more with less’ are gaining growing recognition in our increasingly thirsty planet. An integrated approach to freshwater resources is needed, based on the perception of water as a natural resource, part of the ecosystem, and an economic and social good. It is discussed how hydrological extremes jeopardize sustainable development. Sustainability-related properties of drought and flood preparedness and mitigation measures are reviewed. Even if the term ‘sustainable development’ has been typically used in a qualitative sense, in order to compare how different options (e.g. flood protection alternatives) fare with regard to sustainable development, one needs at least rough quantitative measures. A sample of relevant indices is reviewed. It is advocated that hydrological observations should be recognized as an essential component of sustainable development and management of water resources.     

Present and future economic impacts of climate extremes in the United States

Recent studies have yielded definitive information about the nation's economic impacts from extreme climates, although some sectoral values rely on educated estimates since hard data does not exist. Review of existing measures of the national impacts from weather—climate conditions reveals annual average losses of $36 billion from extremes and gains averaging $26 billion when conditions are favorable (good growing seasons, mild winters, etc.). Comparison of these values with various measures of the national economy reveals that the impacts are relatively small, typically about 1% of the Gross Domestic Product and less than 2% of the federal budget. The current impact information provides a basis for assessing various estimates of the nation's financial impacts resulting from a future climate change due to global warming. Most such estimates predict values similar to the magnitude of current climate impacts. Moreover, most economists attempting such estimates express a large degree of uncertainty about their projections.