Disposal of Coal Fly Ash at A Deep Water Site in the Eastern Mediterranean Off Israel - Six Years of Monitoring

Coal fly ash (CFA) is dumped at a deep sea disposal site (1,500m water depth) in the eastern Mediterranean, ca. 70km off the Israeli shore. Since 1989, about one million tons of CFA were dumped at the 200km² allocated area. Six years of monitoring at the dump-site shows that the CFA is heterogeneously distributed; there are areas where CFA covers about 1.3cm depth of the sea floor while at others no CFA is found. CFA is present as a fine powder, small aggregates and even as large blocks both in the dump-site as well as at its peripheries. Cadmium, copper and zinc concentrations in the CFA decreased as a result of the prolonged contact with sea water at in situ conditions while inconclusive changes in mercury, iron and manganese were detected. No changes were observed for lead, iron and aluminium concentrations. A controlled long term field experiment, now in progress at the site, is expected to clarify further chemical changes occurring in the CFA.     

底板突水煤层的突变学特征

对建立在力学分析基础上的突水条件进行适当变换，得到煤层底板突水势函数，它符合尖点突变模型。进一步分析，发现煤层底板突水具有突变、缓慢两条路径，并在突水临界点附近具有发散性和４ 模态软化等性质。根据这些特性，可通过调控煤层底板突水条件使之不突水，从而达到煤层底板突水治理并防患于未然的目的。     

Transport of creosote compounds in a large, intact, macroporous clayey till column

The transport in macroporous clayey till of bromide and 25 organic compounds typical of creosote was studied using a large intact soil column. The organic compounds represented the following groups: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phenolic compounds, monoaromatic hydrocarbons (BTEXs), and heterocyclic compounds containing oxygen, nitrogen or sulphur in the aromatic ring structure (NSO-compounds). The clayey till column (0.5 m in height and 0.5 m in diameter) was obtained from a depth of 1–1.5 m at an experimental site located on the island of Funen, Denmark. Sodium azide was added to the influent water of the column to prevent biodegradation of the studied organic compounds. For the first 24 days of the experiment, the flow rate was 219 ml day⁻¹ corresponding to an infiltration rate of 0.0011 m day⁻¹. At this flow rate, the effluent concentrations of bromide and the organic compounds increased very slowly. The transport of bromide and the organic compounds were successfully increased by increasing the flow rate to 1353 ml day⁻¹ corresponding to 0.0069 m day⁻¹. The experiment showed that the transport of low-molecular-weight organic compounds was not retarded relative to bromide. The high-molecular-weight organic compounds were retarded significantly. The influence of sorption on the transport of the organic compounds through the column was evaluated based on the observed breakthrough curves. The observed order in the column experiment was, with increasing retardation, the following: benzene=pyrrole=toluene=o-xylene=p-xylene=ethylbenzene=phenol=benzothiophene=benzofuran<naphthalene<1-methylpyrrole<1-methylnaphthalene=indole=o-cresol=quinoline<3,5-dimethylphenol=2,4-dimethylphenol<acridine<carbazole<2-methylquinoline<fluorene<dibenzofuran<phenanthrene=dibenzothiophene. This order could not be predicted from regularly characteristics as octanol/water-distribution coefficients of the organic compounds but only from experimentally determined data. The results indicate that a thin clayey till cover of the type described in this paper does not protect groundwater against contamination by low-molecular-weight organic compounds.     

粉煤灰与电石渣治理煤矿自燃矸石山

煤矿自燃矸石山是矿区一大污染源。本文研究了粉煤灰，电石渣这两种工业废弃物作为治理自燃矸石山的灭火材料的可能性。实验室试验表明，在一定的配比下它们具有良好的阻燃性。现场工程获得了成功，不仅取得了良好的环境效益，也取得了良好的经济效益。     

瑞利波预测煤与瓦斯突出

瑞利波勘探是近年来发展起来的一种新型的岩土原位测试勘探方法。笔者重点对瞬态瑞利波相速度的算法进行了研究。提出了对信号进行预先调制 ,随后再对所求得的相位进行修正的方法 ;另为还须考虑其仪器采集信号时的时间差影响。根据以上算法求得的相速度更接近瑞利波真速度 ,从而提高了相速度的分辨率和精确度。把瞬态瑞利波勘探法运用在矿山生产中 ,利用平面瑞利波的频散特性 ,根据瑞利波的传播速度与煤岩的物理力学性质具有相关性 ,提出了一种新型的预测煤与瓦斯突出的方法。为矿井安全生产预测预报瓦斯突出提供了一种新的手段 ,同时对突出煤层掘进前方突出危险区和安全距离的分析判断提供了一种新的方法     

高瓦斯煤层综放开采瓦斯与煤自燃综合治理研究

针对淮南潘三煤矿低透气性高瓦斯易自燃煤层综放开采的实际情况 ,笔者在综合分析影响综放面安全开采的瓦斯和煤自燃因素基础上 ,提出并实施了顶板走向长钻孔覆岩卸压瓦斯抽放、本煤层顺层孔卸压瓦斯抽放、尾巷抽放和排放等综合瓦斯治理措施 ,通过适时合理的工作面通风系统能位调整 ,合理配备工作面风量和控制采空区漏风量 ,解决了综放面回采时的瓦斯问题 ,有效控制了采空区煤炭自燃的发展 ,实现工作面的安全快速推进。实践证明 ,顶板走向长钻孔覆岩卸压瓦斯抽放是解决低透气煤层瓦斯抽放率低的有效方法 ,回采面的瓦斯抽放率在 30 %以上 ;尾抽和尾排是低透气性高瓦斯煤层安全生产的有效辅助措施 ,但其对工作面采空区煤炭自燃的“三带”有显著影响 ,影响的关键因素是通过采空区尾排及尾抽的混合流量。笔者提出的方法对类似条件的高瓦斯易自燃煤层综放安全开采有重要的指导意义。     

煤巷锚杆支护结构的可靠性分析

根据煤巷围岩力学参数中有许多随机变量的特征 ,笔者应用工程结构可靠性理论 ,提出并建立了煤巷锚杆支护结构可靠性分析模型 ,得到了其可靠度的计算公式 ,提出了提高支护结构可靠度的措施 ,为优化煤巷锚杆支护参数提供了一种新方法。这些研究成果对指导煤巷支护设计 ,减少支护失效事故 ,保证矿井正常安全生产具有重要的意义。     

基于神经网络建立煤与瓦斯突出的预测模型

基于神经网络，提出了建立煤与瓦斯突出预测模型的方法，给出了网络系统的构造方式及算法，预测结果表明该法具有很高的容错性和准确性     

煤与瓦斯突出预测技术研究现状及发展趋势

对矿井煤与瓦斯突出预测方法的研究现状及发展趋势进行了论述及分析。目前我国大量使用的是钻屑量S、钻孔瓦斯涌出初速度q、瓦斯解吸指标Δh2 、瓦斯放散指数ΔP等钻孔静态预测方法 ,这些方法花费大量的人力、物力和财力 ,而且准确性较低。而声发射和电磁辐射等方法是很有前途的预测方法。未来煤与瓦斯突出预测的发展趋势是 ,利用声发射监测技术对变形破裂剧烈区域进行定位 ,利用电磁辐射监测技术工作面非接触连续预测 ,再结合现有的环境监测系统监测的瓦斯动态涌出对煤与瓦斯突出现象进行准确预测     

能源效率、能源多样化和实现可持续发展

讨论了煤炭消费带来的严重污染及其代价，分析了在全球化条件下以 政策与环境政策之间的关联，强调了要综合考虑环境保护，气候变化与能源安全，关联的问题要关联解决，最后提出了３条建议。