Determination of heterogeneous reaction mechanisms: A key milestone in dust explosion modelling

Reaction kinetics is fundamental for modelling the thermal oxidation of a solid phase, in processes such as dust explosions, combustion or gasification. The methodology followed in this study consists in i) the experimental identification of the reaction mechanisms involved in the explosion of organic powders, ii) the proposal of simplified mechanisms of pyrolysis and oxidation, iii) the implementation of the model to assess the explosion severity of organic dusts. Flash pyrolysis and combustion experiments were carried out on starch (22 μm) and cellulose (53 μm) at temperatures ranging from 973 K to 1173 K. The gases generated were collected and analyzed by gas chromatography. In this paper, a semi-global pyrolysis model was developed for reactive systems with low Damköhler number. It is in good agreement with the experimental data and shows that both carbon monoxide and hydrogen are mainly generated during the pyrolysis of the solid, the generation of the latter compound being greatly promoted at high temperature. A simplified combustion model was also proposed by adding two oxidation reactions of the pyrolysis products. In parallel, flame propagation tests were performed in a semi open tube in order to assess the burning velocity of such compounds. The laminar burning velocity of cellulose was determined to be 21 cm s⁻¹. Finally, this model will be integrated to a predictive model of dust explosions and its validation will be based on experimental data obtained using the 20 L explosion sphere. The explosion severity of cellulose was determined and will be used to develop and adjust the predictive model.     

Hazardous waste incinerators under waste uncertainty: Balancing and throughput maximization via heat recuperation

Hazardous waste incinerators (HWIs) differ substantially from thermal power facilities, since instead of maximizing energy production with the minimum amount of fuel, they aim at maximizing throughput. Variations in quantity or composition of received waste loads may significantly diminish HWI throughput (the decisive profit factor), from its nominal design value. A novel formulation of combustion balance is presented, based on linear operators, which isolates the wastefeed vector from the invariant combustion stoichiometry kernel. Explicit expressions for the throughput are obtained, in terms of incinerator temperature, fluegas heat recuperation ratio and design parameters, for an arbitrary number of wastes, based on fundamental principles (mass and enthalpy balances). The impact of waste variations, of recuperation ratio and of furnace temperature is explicitly determined. It is shown that in the presence of waste uncertainty, the throughput may be a decreasing or increasing function of incinerator temperature and recuperation ratio, depending on the sign of a dimensionless parameter related only to the uncertain wastes. The dimensionless parameter is proposed as a sharp a’ priori waste ‘fingerprint’, determining the necessary increase or decrease of manipulated variables (recuperation ratio, excess air, auxiliary fuel feed rate, auxiliary air flow) in order to balance the HWI and maximize throughput under uncertainty in received wastes. A 10-step procedure is proposed for direct application subject to process capacity constraints. The results may be useful for efficient HWI operation and for preparing hazardous waste blends.     

炼油厂工业污水中氨的回收与处理工艺

通过沧州炼油厂的实际运行情况，详细介绍了采用单塔常压汽提将污水中的氨与硫化氢共同回收作为原材料，采用燃烧炉烧氨技术对混合含氨酸性气进行处理，有效的解决了炼油厂副产氨无出路的问题。     

江浙沪地区小型燃烧温室气体减排研究

根据ＩＰＣＣＧｕｉｄｅｌｉｎｅｓ（１９９５）提供的方法，对１９９０年江浙沪地区小型燃烧中温空气体排放进行统计计算，２０００年的预测情况与９０年代的实际能源结构对比ＣＯ２减排的量为８４５．４万ｔ，减排了总量的１１％左右。     

粉煤灰型煤燃烧特性的实验研究

通过对掺入３０％粉煤灰型煤燃烧过程的实验研究，得出其挥发分和燃尽率随温度和时间的增加呈线性规律变化，优于普通型煤。加入０．３％ＣＲ助燃剂，效果更佳。这对完善粉煤灰型煤的燃烧理论和工艺技术具有一定的参考价值。     

DQ—500型惰气灭火装置

本文提出扑灭瓦斯矿井火灾的惰气灭火装置,并介绍了该装置的工作原理,构造及其应用。研究了风油比与燃气成分的关系;阐述了风油比自控系统对保证燃气成分符合灭火要求的重要意义和作用。本文还对国内外同类灭火装置性能进行比较。通过试验表明,该装置既能扑灭矿井火灾又能抑制瓦斯爆炸,是处理瓦斯矿井火灾理想的灭火新装备。     

Arrhenius燃烧模型对离散网络的限制

在火蔓延过程的数值模拟中，如果采用Arrhenius燃烧模型，对网格的划分有一定的限制条件。本文作者分别在层流工况和弱湍流工况下通过对油－沙池表面火蔓延过程的数值模拟研究，发现：如果采用Arrhenius燃烧模型，则不合适的网格划分会影响火焰的传播。通过对火焰传播机理的分析，提出一无量纲网格生成准则数π。如果网格划分的网格准则数π大于其临界准则数π0，则网格的划分不会影响火焰传播过程，即网格的划分是合适的，反之，若π＜π0，则所划分的网格就是不合适的，须重新生成网格。     

民航机内非定常燃烧过程的计算机模拟

本文采用数值方法,对民航机内火灾非定常燃烧过程包括其内固体可燃物的受热热解及其挥发份的湍流气相燃烧进行了较为细致的计算,揭示了其火灾非定常燃烧的规律,得到了较好的结果。     

Flame Retardation and Smoke Suppression of PVC

ＦｌａｍｅＲｅｔａｒｄａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＳｍｏｋｅＳｕｐｐｒｅｓｓｉｏｎｏｆＰＶＣＷａｎｇＺｈｅｎｇｚｈｏｕ；Ｄ．Ｄ．Ｄｒｙｓｄａｌｅ（ＵｎｉｔｏｆＦｉｒｅＳａｆｅｔｙＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇＵｎｉｖｅｓｉｔｙｏｆＥｄｉｎｂｕｒｇｈＥｄｉｎｂｕｒｇｈＥＨ...     

Full scale treatment of ASR wastes in a modified rotary kiln

A plant, designed for the thermo-valorisation of tyres, was specifically modified in order to treat Automobile Shredder Residue (ASR). Results from two full-scale combustion experiments, carried out on large ASR feeding lots (thousands of tons) indicate the proposed technology as a potential route to help the fulfilling of impending 95% reuse and recovery target set by the End of life Vehicle (ELV) Directive (January 2015). The paper describes the main operational troubleshot occurred during the first experiment (emissions at the stack out of regulatory limits and problems of clogging on the conveyer belt) and the consequent upgrading solutions (pre-treatment, introduction of waste double low-flow screw feeder and a cyclone prior to the main fan, modification of rotatory kiln inlet) adopted to allow, during the second long-term experiment, a continuous basis operation of the plant in full compliance with the discharge limit to the atmosphere. Characterization of both ASR and combustion residues allowed to quantify a 18% of combustion residues as not dangerous waste while only the 2% as hazardous one. A pre-treatment for the reduction of fines in the ASR was recommended in order to achieve the required energy recovery efficiency.