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141.
论环境的行政公益诉讼 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
中国尚未建立环境的行政公益诉讼,而传统诉讼制度的问题和缺陷日益显露,导致环境得不到很好地保护。根据环境法中关于环境权的理论、公众参与的原则以及公益诉讼的理论,中国应该尽快建立环境行政公益诉讼制度,赋予公众环境的行政公益诉讼资格,使作为公共利益的环境能得到切实的保护和改善。 相似文献
142.
M. Frei M.A. Razzak M.M. Hossain M. Oehme S. Dewan K. Becker 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2007,120(2-4):391-398
Lowland rice fields constitute a semi aquatic environment, which is potentially suitable for fish production. Little is known about the effect of fish on greenhouse gas emissions from integrated rice–fish systems. An experiment was carried out at the Bangladesh Agricultural University to assess the effect of the stocking of fish on methane emissions from rice fields. Common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., and Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) were stocked in a mixed culture and subjected to three different input regimes: (1) urea fertilization according to the recommendation of the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), (2) supplementary feeding at 2 × maintenance level and (3) an elevated feeding schedule where 4 × maintenance level was fed initially and 2 × maintenance level towards the end of the growth period. Rice only with urea fertilization according to BRRI-recommendation was included as the control. The presence of fish increased methane emissions in all three rice–fish treatments. Average emission over the cropping season was 34, 37, and 32 mg m−2 h−1 in the rice–fish treatments, respectively, and 20 mg m−2 h−1 in rice only. Apart from an increase in methane emission, a significant drop (p < 0.05) in floodwater pH and dissolved oxygen concentration was observed in the rice–fish plots. Both parameters were the lowest in the treatment where a higher feeding rate was provided. Due to the fish activity, floodwater in the rice–fish treatments was more turbid, as reflected in higher particulate inorganic matter (PIOM). An elevated level of dissolved methane was observed in the floodwater of the feed supplemented rice–fish plots. Methane emissions showed negative correlation with morning and afternoon pH of the floodwater (r = −0.46; r = −0.56, p < 0.001) and morning and afternoon dissolved oxygen level (r = −0.53; r = −0.46, p < 0.001). Positive correlations were recorded between morning and afternoon floodwater temperature (r = 0.49; r = 0.44, p < 0.001) and with air temperature (r = 0.54, p < 0.001). The results suggest that the stocking of fish has an increasing effect on methane emissions from rice fields. 相似文献
143.
Irina Herzon Johan Ekroos Jukka RintalaJuha Tiainen Tuomas SeimolaVille Vepsäläinen 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2011,143(1):3-7
The set-aside obligation under the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) brought widespread benefits for wild farmland species. Shortly after it was abolished in 2008, the national political process in Finland replaced it with a targeted agri-environment scheme for environmental fallow. Though potentially highly valuable, the value of the current scheme for securing biodiversity is yet to be confirmed. This study evaluates the importance of set-asides established under CAP to all birds of open farmland based on national monitoring data from 2001 to 2006. The set-aside fields supported 25-40% more species and held 60-105% more pairs of birds typical of open farmland in comparison with cereal fields within a similar landscape setting. The estimated effect of set-aside presence in farmland on the studied bird species is large enough to trigger considerable changes in bird populations on the national scale. The relevance of the results to the novel agri-environment scheme is discussed. 相似文献
144.
Sophie E. F. Evison Owen L. Petchey Andrew P. Beckerman Francis L. W. Ratnieks 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,63(2):261-267
This study investigated the relative importance of pheromone trails and visual landmarks on the ability of Lasius niger foragers to relocate a previously used food source. Colonies formed foraging trails to a 1-M sucrose feeder. Sections of
this trail were then presented back to the same colony after variable time intervals. Individual outgoing foragers were observed
to determine if they walked for 15 cm in the direction of the feeder or not. On newly established pheromone trails formed
by 500 ant passages, 77% of the foragers walked in the correct direction vs 31% for control foragers (no trail pheromone).
Pheromone trails decayed to the control levels in 20–24 h. Trails formed with fewer ant passages (125 or 30) decayed quicker.
The use of visual landmarks was investigated by using trails with outgoing foragers from the colony that established the trail,
either in the same room or in a different room, with different visual landmarks, to that used during trail establishment.
Approximately 20% more ants walked in the correct direction in the same room vs the different room. This difference decreased
to around 10% 2 h after trail establishment, indicating that the ants in the different room were learning the new visual cues
to navigate by. Our results show that visual landmarks and pheromone trails are approximately equally useful in initially
guiding L. niger foragers to food locations and that these two information sources have a complementary function. 相似文献
145.
关于环境公益诉讼赔偿资金的归属,我国实践中有环保部门主管、纳入国库、纳入法院指定账户、纳入专项账户等不同归属模式,但在其管理与使用方面,我国尚且存在诸如地方生态环境损害赔偿资金管理办法名称不统一、资金使用系统不透明、社会公众査询难、地方行政机关干预过多、资金监管机制不健全等问题。本文拟建议设立"全国生态环境损害赔偿基金",对环境公益诉讼产生的损害赔偿金以及各地方未统一管理的环境保护资金等相关资金进行统筹与规范,以期推进我国生态环境损害赔偿资金制度的完善。为此,需要明确生态环境损害赔偿基金的资金来源,规范生态环境损害赔偿基金的使用、监督机制,明确环保部门的监督职责,构建资金使用的信息公开制度,强化环保组织的监督权,在此基础上进一步对生态环境损害赔偿基金制定严格的管理办法,以规范并指导基金的有效运作。 相似文献
146.
Andries Richter Daan van Soest Johan Grasman 《Journal of Environmental Economics and Management》2013
Real world observations suggest that social norms of cooperation can be effective in overcoming social dilemmas such as the joint management of a common pool resource—but also that they can be subject to slow erosion and sudden collapse. We show that these patterns of erosion and collapse emerge endogenously in a model of a closed community harvesting a renewable natural resource in which individual agents face the temptation to overexploit the resource, while a cooperative harvesting norm spreads through the community via interpersonal relations. We analyze under what circumstances small changes in key parameters (including the size of the community, and the rate of technological progress) trigger catastrophic transitions from relatively high levels of cooperation to widespread norm violation—causing the social–ecological system to collapse. 相似文献
147.
Gabriel Henrique de Oliveira Caetano Reut Vardi Ivan Jarić Ricardo A. Correia Uri Roll Diogo Veríssimo 《Conservation biology》2023,37(5):e14100
The first target of the Convention for Biological Diversity (Aichi target 1) was to increase public awareness of the values of biodiversity and actions needed to conserve it—a key prerequisite for other conservation targets. Monitoring success in achieving this target at a global scale has been difficult; however, increased digitization of human life in recent decades has made it easier to measure people's interests at an unprecedented scale and allows for a more comprehensive evaluation of Aichi target 1 than previously attempted. We used Google search volume data for over a thousand search terms related to different aspects of biodiversity and conservation to evaluate global interest in biodiversity and its conservation. We also investigated the correlation of interest in biodiversity and conservation across countries to variables related to biodiversity, economy, demography, research, education, internet use, and presence of environmental organizations. From 2013 to 2020, global searches for biodiversity components increased, driven mostly by searches for charismatic fauna (59% of searches were for mammal species). Searches for conservation actions, driven mostly by searches for national parks, decreased since 2019, likely due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Economic inequality was negatively correlated with interest in biodiversity and conservation, whereas purchasing power was indirectly positively correlated with higher levels of education and research. Our results suggest partial success toward achieving Aichi target 1 in that interest in biodiversity increased widely, but not for conservation. We suggest that increased outreach and education efforts aimed at neglected aspects of biodiversity and conservation are still needed. Popular topics in biodiversity and conservation could be leveraged to increase awareness of other topics with attention to local socioeconomic contexts. 相似文献
148.
Danielle Sinnett Tony R. Hutchings 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(1):267-271
This study examines the food-chain transfer of Zn from two plant species, Urtica dioica (stinging nettle) and Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore maple), into their corresponding aphid species, Microlophium carnosum and Drepanosiphum platanoidis. The plants were grown in a hydroponic system using solutions with increasing concentrations of Zn from 0.02 to 41.9 mg Zn/l. Above-ground tissue concentrations in U. dioica and M. carnosum increased with increasing Zn exposure (p < 0.001). Zn concentrations in A. pseudoplatanus also increased with solution concentration from the control to the 9.8 mg Zn/l solution, above which concentrations remained constant. Zn concentrations in both D. platanoidis and the phloem tissue of A. pseudoplatanus were not affected by the Zn concentration in the watering solution. It appears that A. pseudoplatanus was able to limit Zn transport in the phloem, resulting in constant Zn exposure to the aphids. Zn concentrations in D. platanoidis were around three times those in M. carnosum. 相似文献
149.
The protection of the Baltic Sea ecosystem is exacerbated by the social, environmental and economic complexities of governing
European fisheries. Increased stakeholder participation and knowledge integration are suggested to improve the EU’s Common
Fisheries Policy (CFP), suffering from legitimacy, credibility and compliance problems. As a result, the CFP was revised in
2002 to involve fisheries representatives, NGOs and other stakeholders through so called Regional Advisory Councils (RACs)
in the policy process. We address the RAC’s task to incorporate stakeholder knowledge into the EU’s fisheries governance system
in empirical and theoretical perspectives. Drawing on a four-stage governance concept we subsequently suggest that a basic
problem is a mismatch between participation purpose (knowledge inclusion) and the governance stage at which RACs are formally
positioned (evaluation of management proposals). We conclude that, if the aim is to broaden the knowledge base of fisheries
management, stakeholders need to be included earlier in the governance process. 相似文献
150.
Environmental pollutants in the Swedish marine ecosystem, with special emphasis on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and perfluorinated organic compounds (PFCs) were analysed in whole herring (Clupea harengus) and sprat (Sprattus sprattus), eggs from common eider (Somateria mollissima) and eggs and livers from herring gull (Larus argentatus) from the Swedish west coast. The contaminant values obtained were compared with published values from the Arctic marine ecosystem. Tetra- and penta-brominated PBDEs were detected at low levels in herring, sprat and common eider (ΣPBDE 0.3-2.0 ng g−1 ww), while the levels were higher in the herring gull samples (ΣPBDE 1.3-29.9 ng g−1 ww). Hexa-decaBDEs were also found in samples from herring gulls. Eggs from herring gulls from the sub-Arctic contained four times more PBDE than the Swedish herring gulls eggs. Fish samples from the Arctic had two times higher levels of PBDEs and DDTs than similar samples from Sweden. The higher levels of contaminants in fish and seabirds from the Arctic reflect differences in transport processes, feeding ecology (reflected by trophic levels) and metabolism. PBDEs contributed to <10% of the total contaminant load in all investigated samples. The relative contribution of DDTs was higher in fish and bird samples from the Arctic when compared to Swedish samples, e.g. 65% in glaucous gull livers compared to 10% in herring gull livers. This study shows that even though the Swedish west coast is more urban than the Arctic, higher pollutants levels are found in seabird species from the Arctic. 相似文献