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Nazli Yesiller James L. Hanson Jason T. Cox Danielle E. Noce 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2014,34(5):848-858
This investigation was conducted to evaluate experimental determination of specific gravity (Gs) of municipal solid waste (MSW). Water pycnometry, typically used for testing soils was adapted for testing MSW using a large flask with 2000 mL capacity and specimens with 100–350 g masses. Tests were conducted on manufactured waste samples prepared using US waste constituent components; fresh wastes obtained prior and subsequent to compaction at an MSW landfill; and wastes obtained from various depths at the same landfill. Factors that influence specific gravity were investigated including waste particle size, compaction, and combined decomposition and stress history. The measured average specific gravities were 1.377 and 1.530 for as-prepared/uncompacted and compacted manufactured wastes, respectively; 1.072 and 1.258 for uncompacted and compacted fresh wastes, respectively; and 2.201 for old wastes. The average organic content and degree of decomposition were 77.2% and 0%, respectively for fresh wastes and 22.8% and 88.3%, respectively for old wastes. The Gs increased with decreasing particle size, compaction, and increasing waste age. For fresh wastes, reductions in particle size and compaction caused occluded intraparticle pores to be exposed and waste particles to be deformed resulting in increases in specific gravity. For old wastes, the high Gs resulted from loss of biodegradable components that have low Gs as well as potential access to previously occluded pores and deformation of particles due to both degradation processes and applied mechanical stresses. The Gs was correlated to the degree of decomposition with a linear relationship. Unlike soils, the Gs for MSW was not unique, but varied in a landfill environment due both to physical/mechanical processes and biochemical processes. Specific gravity testing is recommended to be conducted not only using representative waste composition, but also using representative compaction, stress, and degradation states. 相似文献
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A study was carried out in Nova Scotia, Canada, to experimentally assess the effect of snowmobiles on old field and marsh vegetation. Snowmobile treatments ranging from a single pass to 25 passes (five passes on five separate days) were administered. The first pass by a snowmobile caused the greatest increase in snow compaction-roughly 75% of that observed after five sequential passes. Snowmobile treatment resulted in highly significant increases in snow retention in spring. Frequency was more important than intensity in this regard.Standing crop and species composition were measured the following summer. Standing crop in the field showed a significant reduction with increasing snowmobile use; frequency of treatment (p < 0.01) was more important than intensity (p = 0.125).Stellaria graminea, Aster cordifolius, Ranunculus repens, andEquisetum arvense all showed significant (p < 0.05) differences in percent cover resulting from the treatment. Marginally significant changes were observed inAgrostis tenuis andPhleum pratense Marsh vegetation showed no significant effects of snowmobile treatment. This may have been because of solid ice cover during the winter.The literature is critically reviewed. It is concluded that snowmobile use can have a highly significant effect upon natural vegetation. Management suggestions are made. 相似文献
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钠质膨润土与钙质膨润土压实特性比较研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
以制备含水率和压制压力为控制因素,比较分析了钠质膨润土与钙质膨润土的压实加工性质。两种膨润土在压实特性、回胀特性和失水收缩特性方面均存在显著差异。 相似文献
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此文在放射性固体废物压缩封装机(详见本刊1991年第12期),的基础上,阐述了其运行过程中的污染设施和防污效果。调查表明,放射性固废压缩封装工艺必须辅以适当的辐射防护措施,宜采取供风和排风相结合的通负形式,使运行车间维持一定的负压。监测数据表明,采取以上措施后,车间和周围环境中的气载放射性核素浓度仅为国标(GB4792-8)DAC规定值的1/30,工作场所表面污染水平均在GB8703-88给出的控 相似文献
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Soft subgrades’ stabilization by using various fly ashes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Aykut Senol Tuncer B. Edil Md.Sazzad Bin-Shafique Hector A. Acosta Craig H. Benson 《Resources, Conservation and Recycling》2006,46(4):365-376
This publication presents the results of research involving different types of self-cementing fly ashes (without any other activators) for the stabilization of four different types of soft subgrades from various road sites in Wisconsin, USA. The strength approaches were applied to estimate the optimum mixture design and to determine the thickness of the stabilized layer. The stabilized soil samples were prepared by mixing fly ash at different contents at varying water contents. The performance of fly ash stabilized subbase depends both on the specific source of fly ash and the engineering properties of soils. It is suggested that the performance analysis of fly ash should be based upon the laboratory tests such as index properties, compaction, unconfined compressive strength and CBR tests of a specific site. This is suggested rather than using the study of the physical properties and chemical composition of fly ash and soil. As disclosed in the literature, the strength gain due to stabilization depends mainly upon three factors; ash content, molding water content and compaction delay. The samples were subjected to unconfined compression strength and California bearing ratio (CBR) tests after 7 days curing time to develop water content–strength relationship. To evaluate the impact of compaction delay that commonly occurs in the field during construction, the sets of samples were compacted 2 h later after mixing with water. The unconfined compression strength and CBR tests were performed and used to determine the thickness of the stabilized layer in pavement design. All of these factors were taken into account throughout this research. 相似文献
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介绍日本早在60年代初期火山灰土壤水田开发实践中由岩手大学的研究者们创造和发展的“破碎碾压工法”的基本原理及其应用,并对最近中国砂质土壤渗透抑制的室内外研究结果进行了简单介绍,目的是为漏水性土壤地区水田开发以及土壤防渗工程措施提供借鉴。 相似文献
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Deltas at risk 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
James P. M. Syvitski 《Sustainability Science》2008,3(1):23-32
The long-term sustainability of populated deltas is often more affected by large-scale engineering projects than sea-level
rise associated with global warming and the global ocean volume increase. On deltas, the rate of relative eustatic sea-level
rise is often smaller than the rate for isostatic-controlled subsidence and of the same order of magnitude as natural sediment
compaction. Accelerated compaction associated with petroleum and groundwater mining can exceed natural subsidence rates by
an order of magnitude. The reduction in sediment delivery to deltas due to trapping behind dams, along with the human control
of routing river discharge across delta plains, contributes to the sinking of world deltas. Consequences include shoreline
erosion, threatened mangroves swamps and wetlands, increased salinization of cultivated land, and hundreds of millions of
humans put at risk. 相似文献