Regional Management of Farmland Feeding Geese Using an Ecological Prioritization Tool

Wild geese foraging on farmland cause increasing conflicts with agricultural interests, calling for a strategic approach to mitigation. In central Norway, conflicts between farmers and spring-staging pink-footed geese feeding on pastures have escalated. To alleviate the conflict, a scheme by which farmers are subsidized to allow geese to forage undisturbed was introduced. To guide allocation of subsidies, an ecological-based ranking of fields at a regional level was recommended and applied. Here we evaluate the scheme. On average, 40 % of subsidized fields were in the top 5 % of the ranking, and 80 % were within the top 20 %. Goose grazing pressure on subsidized pastures was 13 times higher compared to a stratified random selection of non-subsidized pastures, capturing 67 % of the pasture feeding geese despite that subsidized fields only comprised 13 % of the grassland area. Close dialogue between scientists and managers is regarded as a key to the success of the scheme.     

加拿大的船舶油污损害赔偿机制及运行经验

加拿大是世界上最早通过立法建立船舶溢油赔偿机制的国家。现在加拿大采用国际机制和国内机制相结合的办法较好地解决了油轮和非油轮的油污损害赔偿问题，本言语概括总结了该机制的特点和经验。     

Factors related to injury of shiftworking fire fighters in the Northeastern United States

Fire fighters, who provide society with an essential and life-saving service, are subjected to the effects of shiftwork and to the demands (physical and mental) and dangers of their profession, all of which can contribute to injuries. To identify factors involved in injuries to fire fighters, the timing, frequency, types, and places of occurrence of injuries sustained by fire fighters in three different municipal fire departments were examined. Data was obtained from analysis of Workers' Compensation forms. The most frequent injuries involved inhalation of hazardous materials and lacerations. Ninety-two percent of the injuries occurred at the fire scene, and their causes were related to fire fighting duties, such as rescue, extinguishment and overhaul. Although only 54% of fire alarms nationwide occurred from 12:00 to 16:00 and from 18:00 to 24:00 (42% of a 24 hour day), 68% of the injuries sustained by the fire fighters studied occurred during these time periods. Per alarm, at meal time or on the night shift fire fighters were more likely to be injured. Serious injuries were more prevalent at standardly accepted meal-times. The timing of the highest frequencies of injuries suggests that, due to the shiftwork nature of firefighting, both disruption of eating patterns and fatigue increase the risk of work-related injury to fire fighters. By understanding the contribution of factors, especially human ones, such as altered metabolism (due to disruption) and fatigue (due to time elapsed since awakening, alteration/disruption of sleep-wake pattern, or hypoglycaemia), interventions can be developed, which should decrease the incidence of injuries to fire fighters.     

昆明市清水海水源保护区生态补偿机制探讨

就昆明市清水海水源区生态补偿机制进行探讨,以期为生态补偿机制的建立提供借鉴。生态补偿理论结合清水海水源区实际分析。补偿主体是国家、受水区的企业和居民,客体是水资源和生态环境的保护者,以及牺牲发展机会的企业和居民;补偿标准以费用分析法计算,包括水资源保护、水源林建设和管理等方面的投入;补偿方式近期以输血型和造血型补偿结合,远期逐步向生态造血型补偿转变;优先补偿效率高的污染防治措施、退耕还林和测土配方,其次为产业结构调整和水资源管理;补偿时限结合补偿取得的成效、水源区生态产业发展和生态质量状况来确定;补偿资金以政府财政为主、市场为辅。结果表明:应结合清水海的实际,确定生态补偿的主客体、方式、标准和时限,建立生态补偿的保障机制,加强对补偿资金的监管。进一步开展定量化研究,完善清水海水源区生态补偿基础研究,促进生态补偿机制的建立。     

无规则排放废气排污费的征收办法

无规则排放废气由于无法准确监测和计量，此项排污费的征收尚处于“无规则”状态。采用“环境欠量补偿经验系数法”对其进行探讨，探索出切实可行的征收办法。     

中日公害赔偿法律制度比较

中日公害赔偿法律制度在无过错（过失）责任的含义、因果关系的认定、损害赔偿范围在原则上存在差异。中国应借鉴日本公害赔偿法律制度的优点，进一步完善“无过错责任”理论、加强判例研究以及建立多层次的环境污染赔偿责任立法体系。     

南水北调东线水源地的生态补偿问题探究

生态补偿机制及其建立是目前生态经济学领域研究的热点,尤其是流域生态补偿机制的建立更为重要。本文以南水北调东线水源地生态功能保护区建设为例,探讨了跨流域调水所涉及的生态补偿问题,并根据多种计算方法的加和,提出了建立南水北调水源地生态功能保护区建设流域生态补偿机制的思路和建议。     

矿产资源生态环境补偿收费的理论依据研究

从环境经济学的相关理论出发，从资源价值论，外部不经济论，补偿原则及边际机会成本理论等方面对矿产资源开发的生态环境补偿费收费的理论依据作了研究。     

国际油污赔偿系统简析

概述国际油污赔偿体系发展状况，在比较旧体制与１９９２ 年议定书适用范围和赔偿请求合理性的基础上，分析ＣＬＣ１９６９ 和ＩＯＰＣ１９７１ 所面临的挑战。阐述废止国际油污赔偿旧体制，加入１９９２ 年议定书紧迫性。     

环境侵害赔偿标准的具体化研究

我国环境权理论存在不完善之处，公民环境权利的行使受到很大限制。在探讨环境侵害的基础上，对如何将环境侵害赔偿标准具体化提出了一些意见，以便使公民能真正拥有环境权，司法或行政机关能妥善处理环境纠纷。