Social capital as a key determinant of perceived benefits of community‐based marine protected areas

Globally, marine protected areas (MPAs) have been relatively unsuccessful in meeting biodiversity objectives. To be effective, they require some alteration of people's use and access to marine resources, which they will resist if they do not perceive associated benefits. Stakeholders’ support is crucial to ecological success of MPAs, and their support is likely to depend on their capacity to adapt to and benefit from MPAs. We examined the influence of social adaptive capacity (SAC) on perceived benefits of MPAs in Siquijor, Philippines, in the Coral Triangle. This region has substantial biodiversity and a population of over 120 million people, many of them dependent on marine resources for food and income. The region has many MPAs, most of which are managed under decentralized governance systems. We collected survey data from 540 households in 19 villages with associated MPAs. We evaluated the influence of multiple SAC variables (e.g., occupational multiplicity and social capital) on perceived benefits with decision trees (CHAID) and qualitatively analyzed this relationship with respect to types and recipients of benefits. Our models revealed the key role of social capital, particularly trust in leadership, in influencing perceptions of benefits (χ² = 14.762, p = 0.000). A path analysis revealed that perceptions of distributional equity were a key mechanism through which social capital affected perceived MPA benefits (root mean‐square error of approximation = 0.050). Building social capital and equity within communities could lead to more effective management of MPAs and thus to expenditure of fewer resources relative to, for example, regulation enforcement.     

Influence of Dissolved Organic Matter On the Bio-Availability and Toxicity of Metals in Soils and Aquatic Systems

Cations in soil are essential for the growth of plants and micro-organisms. Their availability is dependent on soil organic matter. Soil organic matter (SOM) is heterogeneous comprising amino, aliphatic and phenolic acids, but particularly humic substances. All these substances can complex cations selectively. Mechanisms of complexation with dissolved organic matter are discussed. Such complexation can lead to the apparently contradictory observations that dissolved organic matter (DOM) can either increase the concentration of some less soluble nutrients, making them more available for plant uptake, or make them less available and hence less toxic. the importance of DOM is discussed in relation to soil solution, particularly the rhizosphere, and also in relation to aquatic systems. the latter systems contain mainly dissolved humic substances whereas in the soil, non-humic substances assume a greater importance.

SOM in the rhizosphere is derived from plant, microbial and animal remains but much, especially the water-soluble compounds, are acquired through root exudation. Exudation has important consequences for enhanced nutrient availability as a result of the production of non-humic substances such as amino, aliphatic and phenolic acids. in future, the role of root exudation in relation to DOM and nutrient availability should be investigated more fully, particularly as predicted elevated CO₂ levels are likely to have a major impact on root exudation, nutrient availability, and possibly ecosystem community structure and functioning. It is likely that more information will become available on aquatic systems as more highly sensitive techniques and equipment capable of dealing with low concentrations of DOM in these systems become available.     

GIS in planning

This paper outlines some of the potential uses of GIS in planning authorities, and identifies some of the pitfalls to be avoided. It begins with some practical considerations in the area of data sources and system configurations, goes on to envision ways in which GIS might benefit the work of a planning department, and finally considers some of the management issues which surround the introduction and use of GIS in planning.     

延长冷挤压凸模使用寿命的研究

W6Mo5Cr4V2钢冷挤压凸模,应用1200℃淬火、560℃回火三次,磨削加工,软氮化和滚压的复合强化工艺,可以改善其表面凹凸状况,产生较大的残余压应力,使其寿命得到大幅度提高。     

Institutional Responses to Climate Change: the Case of the Alaska Transportation System

Institutions managing the Alaska road,rail, airport, and marine highwaytransportation system and the pipelinecorridor are evaluated for reactions toevidence of climate change. Long-termclimate warming is not a formal criterionin the decisional process of the stateDepartment of Transportation and PublicFacilities for road and airport projects,which have a short (15–25 year) life span,but is taken into account for bridgeconstruction (50–75 year life). Short- tomid-term climate effects are considered inareas with discontinuous permafrost andaffect routing, roadbed construction, andmaintenance decisions. National standardsare amended with Alaska-specific practicesfor unique cold-weather conditions.The Federal/State Joint Pipeline Office(JPO), responsible for monitoring ofpipeline safety under the federal lease andstate grant, in 2001 developed additionalstipulations to mitigate permafrost thawingand slope instability, including a `watchlist' of 200 wobbling VSMs on theTrans-Alaska Pipeline. This action appearsmore responsive to climate change effectsthan that of any other arctic institutionstudied. It can be attributed to thespecific authority of the JPO to monitorgeotechnical conditions at present and inthe future.In general, agencies tended to adoptincremental responses to evidence ofclimate change.     

HYDROLOGIC SIMULATION OF THE BRANDYWINE BASIN1

ABSTRACT: A deterministic hydrologic model, encompassing the hydrologic regime and all water uses, is developed by integrating empirical hydrologic relationships. The Brandywine Basin, located in southeastern Pennsylvania and northern Delaware, is used as an example to demonstrate this modeling effort. The basin is divided into 19 subwatersheds to account for the spatial variation of resource characteristics. The output of the model is the response of the hydrologic system to various inputs such as precipitation, land use characteristics and policy decisions. This modeling effort is applicable to watersheds similar to the Brandywine Basin in size, and once the model is developed and validated, can be applied continuously in the management and planning of water resources such as predicting the hydrologic effects of proposed projects and simulating hydrologic information.     

Food acquisition during the African drought of 1983–1984: A study of Kenyan herders

In 1983 and 1984, drought spread across the northern rangelands of Kenya and herders in lowland Samburu lost substantial portions of their livestock. Food aid arrived when 50 to 75% of the cattle had already died, and after poorer pastoralists were hungry enough to sell their remaining productive animals. No pastoralists died of the immediate effects of the drought, but many were so impoverished that their longer-term prospects for remaining as herders look dim.
This essay discusses the timing and content of famine relief as it applies both to Samburu and other food-stressed areas. It focuses on the process of food acquisition during the northern Kenyan drought itself. The more "indigenous" food strategies of herding, hunting and gathering offered limited benefits. Equally, however, commercial channels for procuring food proved inadequate. Herders could not reliably sell animals to obtain cash for purchased food, nor were the grain and sugar staples always available even when cash was on hand. Lacking means to provide for themselves, Samburu came to depend on varied kinds of handouts.     

Prenatal diagnosis and postnatal follow-up of a child with two de novo unrelated balanced reciprocal translocations

Two unrelated, apparently balanced, reciprocal translocations involving chromosomes 3 and 17, and 10 and 15 were found in cultured amniotic fluid cells from a 41-year-old 10-gravida. Chromosome analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes of both parents revealed normal katryotypes. Post-partum examination of lymphocyte cultures from the proband confirmed the chromosome rearrangements. The child showed normal development during follow-up examinations up to the age of 4 years.     

沈阳市突发性环境污染事故应急地理信息系统

本文简要介绍了突发性环境污染事故地理信息系统的空间数据显示方法 ,并探讨了在 VB集成环境下 ,用Map Basic语言、SQL语言及 DAO来实现 Map Info电子地图上的空间数据处理技术。     

美国环境管理体系中联邦与地方政府角色透视

自美国环境保护局(EPA)成立以来,美国各州的环境执政体制产生了巨大的变化,取得了卓越的成绩.美国的环境执政体制从分权的、由州驱动的体制演变为自上而下、技术强制、联邦驱动的体制.近几年该体制更加分权化,各州的作用更为强大;引入了市场力量,加强了环境保护力度,成本竞争力亦得到改善.自上而下/技术强制的体制和以非集权化/市场为主的体制有其各自的优缺点.笔者将试图阐明环境保护体制的良好运转同时需要来自这2种方式的元素.