煤灰渣利用中对人群所产生辐射影响的评价

煤的开发与利用产生了大量的灰，渣等固体废物，占用大量土地，污染土壤和水源，成为四大公害之一，因而对煤灰，渣的治理和综合利用一直受到人们的关注。然而，由于煤灰渣中的天然放射性水平较高，因此，在煤灰渣的综合利用，尤其在用作建筑材料时，不可避免地要受到其放射性核素的危害。本文在对四川省各燃煤电厂排放灰渣中的^238U,^232Th,^220R,^40X并无然放射性核素进行分析和研究的基础上，用UNSCEAR1982年报告所推荐的计算模式估算了各电厂煤灰渣制度建材对公众所产生的附加辐射剂量，评价了煤灰制度建材对环境和人群所产生的辐射影响，并提出了控制煤灰渣在建材中的最大掺合量，为其它作用的使用煤灰渣提出了科学的理论依据。     

MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF SMALL STREAMS: SIGNIFICANCE AND FUNCTION1

ABSTRACT: Throughout the United States, land managers are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of small streams for a wide range of resource benefits. Where channel morphology is modified or structural features are added, stream dynamics and energy dissipation need to be considered. Unit stream power, defined here as the time-rate loss of potential energy per unit mass of water, can be reduced by adding stream obstructions, increasing channel sinuosity, or increasing flow resistance with large roughness elements such as woody root systems, logs, boulders, or bedrock. Notable morphological features of small streams are pools, riffles, bed material, and channel banks. Pools, which vary in size, shape, and causative factors, are important rearing habitat for fish. Riffles represent storage locations for bed material and are generally utilized for spawning. The particle sizes and distributions of bed material influence channel characteristics, bedload transport, food supplies for fish, spawning conditions, cover, and rearing habitat. Riparian vegetation helps stabilize channel banks and contributes in various ways to fish productivity. Understanding each stream feature individually and in relation to all others is essential for proper stream management. Although engineered structures for modifying habitat may alter stream characteristics, channel morphology must ultimately be matched to the hydraulic, geologic, and (especially) vegetative constraints of a particular location.     

石油加工与石油化工废料应用于钻井液

石油加工与石油化工废料，包括废白土、酸渣、碱渣、渣油、油泥、生产润滑油添加剂的废料、废催化剂、环烷酸釜残等，在钻井液中的用途较广，可以分别用作钻井液原始组分和润滑剂、消泡剂、多效防塌剂、抑制剂、稳定剂、废钻井液固化剂以及制备这些处理剂的基础材料。文中介绍了前苏联及独联体等在这方面的研究成果和现场应用情况。     

新型环境友好材料——沸石在水处理中的应用

沸石由于具有较好的吸附性、离子交换性、催化性、耐酸性和热稳定性,在水处理中能够有效地去除水中的氨氮、有机污染物、重金属离子、氟、磷和含氧酸阴离子,并且在使用和处理过程中不会对环境造成二次污染,是一种环境友好水处理材料.结合沸石的结构和性能特点,综述了沸石在水处理中的应用,总结了在应用方面存在的问题,并展望了沸石作为曝气生物滤池填料的研究方向.     

生物降解材料聚乳酸的合成及应用研究

聚乳酸（HA）是具有良好生物相容性和生物可降解性的高分子材料，正受到人们越来越多的关注，近年来被广泛应用。综述了PLA的两种合成方法——乳酸直接缩聚和丙交酯的开环聚合法，论述了PLA在药物控制释放、骨科固定、手术缝合线及日常生活等领域中的应用，展望了HA的合成、开发现状及应用前景。     

Economic comparison of recycling over-ordered fresh concrete: A case study approach

Recycling of construction material helps save the limited landfill space. Among various types of materials, concrete waste accounts of about 50% of the total waste generation. Current off-site practices for ready mixed concrete batching plant generate a significant quantity of fresh concrete waste through over-order from construction sites. The use of concrete reclaimer is one of the methods to reclaim these concrete wastes, which separates coarse aggregate, sand and cement from fresh concrete. Although there are some concrete producers in Hong Kong providing concrete reclaimers in their plants, they are only used to flush and dilute the cement slurry from the concrete, which will still be ultimately send all to dumping areas. The reluctance of most concrete producers in reclaiming aggregate from the concrete waste is due to its high cost of treatment and lack of space around the plant. Therefore, this paper puts forth a scheme of economical considerations in recycling over-ordered concrete by concrete reclaimer. A comparative study on costs and benefits between the current practices and the proposed recycling plan is examined. The study shows that the costs of the current practices in dumping over-ordered fresh concrete waste to landfill areas are double that of the proposed aggregate recycling plan. Therefore, the adoption of concrete reclaimer in recycling the over-ordered fresh concrete can provide a cost-effective method for the construction industry and help saving the environment.     

A review on the use of waste glasses in the production of cement and concrete

The use of recycled waste glasses in Portland cement and concrete has attracted a lot of interest worldwide due to the increased disposal costs and environmental concerns. Being amorphous and containing relatively large quantities of silicon and calcium, glass is, in theory, pozzolanic or even cementitious in nature when it is finely ground. Thus, it can be used as a cement replacement in Portland cement concrete. The use of crushed glasses as aggregates for Portland cement concrete does have some negative effect on properties of the concrete; however, practicle applicability can still be produced even using 100% crushed glass as aggregates. The main concerns for the use of crushed glasses as aggregates for Portland cement concrete is the expansion and cracking caused by the glass aggregates. This paper summarizes the progresses and points out the directions for the proper uses of waste glasses in Portland cement and concrete.     

模糊综合评价法在液氯运输过程安全性评估的应用

将模糊综合评价方法和层次分析法用于危险化学品运输过程安全性评估,综合考虑在过程中危化品、人、车、路、环境等五个方面因素对整个过程安全性的影响,得到运输过程安全性等级。运用现有的泄漏模拟公式定量计算发生泄漏事故后所产生的危险区域,为人员疏散提供了决策帮助。最后以液氯运输过程为例进行安全评估,并计算泄漏后危险区域的范围。     

基于模糊数学的民爆器材库房安全综合评价模型及应用

笔者针对目前民爆器材库房事故的多发性及其安全的重要性,指出民爆器材库房安全评价方法的不足,提出对民爆器材库房复杂的多因素、多层次的人机系统应该采用模糊数学的方法进行安全评价。笔者通过分析影响民爆破器材库房安全的各个因素以及因素之间的相互联系,建立较为合理的民爆破器材库房安全评价指标体系,并给出各相关安全因素的权重;运用模糊数学方法建立民爆器材库房安全评价模型,以实例验证其实用性;同时提出了安全措施及对策,以预防及避免事故的发生。     

燃油箱系统静电实验研究

在飞机燃油箱内填充网状聚氨酯泡沫材料(以下简称“聚氨酯泡沫”)是一种十分有效的被动抑制损伤的防爆技术。但在飞机地面加油时,燃油与聚氨酯泡沫的高速冲刷与摩擦会产生静电并可能发生静电荷的积聚而使燃油带上高的静电电压,极有可能发生静电火花放电,威胁飞机安全。为了探寻填充聚氨酯泡沫燃油箱系统的静电电压积累规律,设计了简化的实验装置和测量系统,以几种较快的流速进行静电循环冲刷实验,并分类进行各项实验数据的整理和分析。通过Origin7.0软件采用非线性最小二乘法拟合(Levenbergmarquardt算法),编制了自定义参数初始化函数,完成了实验公式的参数求解。该参数估计不受人工干预,且拟合精度较高。通过实验和计算得到了填充聚氨酯泡沫燃油箱系统的静电电压积累数学表达式,基本符合静电电压经典物理公式。