渝北不同模式水源涵养林植物多样性及其与土壤特征的关系

以重庆缙云山8种不同构建模式的水源涵养林及林地土壤为研究对象,用物种多样性指数(simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数)、均匀度指数(Pieiou指数)和物种丰富度指数(Margalef指数)以及用土壤容重、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、pH值、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、有效磷、速效钾和阳离子交换量12个指标表征土壤的物理性状和养分特征,分析了8种群落的植物多样性、土壤特征及二者的相互关系.结果表明:物种多样性以广东山胡椒(Lindera kwangtungensis)×杉木((7unninghamia anceolata)混交林最高.马尾松(Pinus massoniana)×广东山胡椒混交林次之,马尾松×柳杉(Cryptomeria fortunei Hooibrenk)混交林和毛竹(Phyllostachys pubescens)纯林最低.各模式林地土壤特征差异显著,以毛竹纯林土壤质量最差.在该地区针阔混交林对提高物种多样性和改良土壤作用显著,针叶林及纯林则较差.物种多样性指数与土壤特征因子的相关性分析表明,不同模式水源林群落植物多样性与土壤特征因子存在一定相关性,其中与土壤物理性状特征关系不显著,与养分特征关系显著.全N与全K与四个多样性指数呈显著或极显著的正相关,Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数和有机质、阳离子交换量、速效P呈显著的正相关,特别是有机质和全N两因子与物种多样性关系最密切.     

地表臭氧污染与其他环境因子复合胁迫对中国城市森林的影响研究进展

地表臭氧污染（O₃）和气候变化加剧成为当今威胁城市森林可持续发展的关键环境要素.目前对于O₃单一因子对城市树木的影响研究已很难用于准确评估自然城市环境条件下由多种环境因子交互作用而产生的复杂生态效应.本文综述了O₃与二氧化碳（CO₂）、干旱、氮（N）沉降和升温的两两交互以及三因子交互作用对中国城市树木生理生化和生长的影响,探讨了O₃与其他环境因子对树木的交互作用机制过程.CO₂升高在光合代谢、抗氧化系统以及生长发育等方面能一定程度缓解O₃升高对树木的负效应.O₃和干旱的交互影响存在复杂的作用过程,可能协同加重植物损伤,也可能拮抗减轻植物伤害,或者无交互效应.O₃和N沉降对树木无交互效应.增温和O₃对树木存在显著的交互作用,增温减缓了O₃对树木生长和光合作用的不利影响.最后,还提出了未来研究的发展方向,为我国应对未来气候变化和空气污染下的城市森林管理及可持续发展提供科学指导.     

Shrines in Central Italy conserve plant diversity and large trees

Sacred natural sites (SNS) are instances of biocultural landscapes protected for spiritual motives. These sites frequently host important biological values in areas of Asia and Africa, where traditional resource management is still upheld by local communities. In contrast, the biodiversity value of SNS has hardly been quantitatively tested in Western contexts, where customs and traditions have relatively lost importance due to modernization and secularization. To assess whether SNS in Western contexts retain value for biodiversity, we studied plant species composition at 30 SNS in Central Italy and compared them with a paired set of similar but not sacred reference sites. We demonstrate that SNS are important for conserving stands of large trees and habitat heterogeneity across different land-cover types. Further, SNS harbor higher plant species richness and a more valuable plant species pool, and significantly contribute to diversity at the landscape scale. We suggest that these patterns are related not only to pre-existent features, but also to traditional management. Conservation of SNS should take into account these specificities, and their cultural as well as biological values, by supporting the continuation of traditional management practices.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-015-0738-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Ecological and phytocenotic features of the bryophyte component of water protection forests on the Ufa Plateau

The composition of bryophytes in forests of the Ufa Plateau has been studied. The results obtained by ordination methods show that the coverage of epigeic mosses decreases with an increase in tree stand density and proportion of broadleaf tree species as well as in the coverage and average height of herbaceous layer. The main factors determining the distribution of epigeic mosses are illumination level, soil fertility, and the degree of soil development.     

The formation and fate of chlorinated organic substances in temperate and boreal forest soils

Background, aim and scope  Chlorine is an abundant element, commonly occurring in nature either as chloride ions or as chlorinated organic compounds (OCls). Chlorinated organic substances were long considered purely anthropogenic products; however, they are, in addition, a commonly occurring and important part of natural ecosystems. Formation of OCls may affect the degradation of soil organic matter (SOM) and thus the carbon cycle with implications for the ability of forest soils to sequester carbon, whilst the occurrence of potentially toxic OCls in groundwater aquifers is of concern with regard to water quality. It is thus important to understand the biogeochemical cycle of chlorine, both inorganic and organic, to get information about the relevant processes in the forest ecosystem and the effects on these from human activities, including forestry practices. A survey is given of processes in the soil of temperate and boreal forests, predominantly in Europe, including the participation of chlorine, and gaps in knowledge and the need for further work are discussed. Results  Chlorine is present as chloride ion and/or OCls in all compartments of temperate and boreal forest ecosystems. It contributes to the degradation of SOM, thus also affecting carbon sequestration in the forest soil. The most important source of chloride to coastal forest ecosystems is sea salt deposition, and volcanoes and coal burning can also be important sources. Locally, de-icing salt can be an important chloride input near major roads. In addition, anthropogenic sources of OCls are manifold. However, results also indicate the formation of chlorinated organics by microorganisms as an important source, together with natural abiotic formation. In fact, the soil pool of OCls seems to be a result of the balance between chlorination and degradation processes. Ecologically, organochlorines may function as antibiotics, signal substances and energy equivalents, in descending order of significance. Forest management practices can affect the chlorine cycle, although little is at present known about how. Discussion  The present data on the apparently considerable size of the pool of OCls indicate its importance for the functioning of the forest soil system and its stability, but factors controlling their formation, degradation and transport are not clearly understood. It would be useful to estimate the significance and rates of key processes to be able to judge the importance of OCls in SOM and litter degradation. Effects of forest management processes affecting SOM and chloride deposition are likely to affect OCls as well. Further standardisation and harmonisation of sampling and analytical procedures is necessary. Conclusions and perspectives  More work is necessary in order to understand and, if necessary, develop strategies for mitigating the environmental impact of OCls in temperate and boreal forest soils. This includes both intensified research, especially to understand the key processes of formation and degradation of chlorinated compounds, and monitoring of the substances in question in forest ecosystems. It is also important to understand the effect of various forest management techniques on OCls, as management can be used to produce desired effects.     

重大生态工程规划设计的理论探讨

生态问题已成为阻碍我国经济社会可持续发展的主要屏障,解决生态问题的主要途径是实施生态治理工程。我国开展的诸多生态治理工程以退耕还林还草工程最为典型,由于相关理论研究长期滞后于生产实践需求导致该工程在推进过程中“边实施、边调整、边总结”。论文剖析了退耕还林还草工程不同阶段出现的问题以及国家采取的相应对策。通过理论分析指出生态问题是经济社会系统内部矛盾的外在表现,生态治理工程既要解决生态退化及危害,又要解决诱发生态问题的经济社会内部矛盾;生态工程设计需要生态学、经济学、社会学等相关学科的理论支撑。重大生态工程设计之初需要考虑技术储备、工程成本、成果稳定性（经济社会系统内部矛盾解决程度）、推广性、综合效益、政策及法律法规搭配等问题以达到“内外兼治”的效果,避免因“边实施、边调整、边总结”带来的工程风险和浪费,最终保障工程目标的实现。     

中国南方雨雪冰冻灾害受损森林植被研究进展

2008年年初我国南方遭受了一场极为罕见的大范围持续低温雨雪冰冻极端气候灾害,这场灾害给我国人民的生产生活造成了重大损失,其中,林业受损尤为严重。我国学者针对受损森林生态系统进行了多方面的调查与研究。对现有的调查研究工作进行综述,重点概述了森林结构、功能和经济效益的受损状况,总结了天气条件、地理因素、树种及其生长情况,分析了林分特征等方面的森林受损机制以及受损森林的恢复与重建对策,对现有的研究在内容、水平及方向上的不足之处提出建议,以期对未来的相关研究提供帮助。     

官司河流域防护林景观结构及生态功能研究

利用2005年度的IKONOS4卫片解译数据和2007年度小班调查资料,结合样地调查资料以及四川省林业科学研究院森林生态效益定位站（四川绵阳新桥）径流场的有关数据,对绵阳官司河流域的防护林体系景观结构及生态功能进行了分析。结果表明：该区域防护林景观中,以松柏混交林（Mixed Alnus—Cupressus forest）面积最大,占27．37％,其次是马尾松纯林（Pinus massoniana forest）,占25．41％。栎柏混交林（Mixed Quercus-Cupressus forest）最少,只占0．96％。纯林面积明显大于混交林,前者比后者大45．31％。栎柏混交林、松柏栎混交林（Mixed Pinus-Cupressus—Quercus forest）最大斑块指数（LPI）、边缘密度（ED）和斑块密度（PD）较小,分布较为破碎。而马尾松纯林、松柏混交林和柏木纯林（Cupressus forest）分布较为集中。桤柏混交林（Mixed Alnus—Cupressus forest）和松柏混交林的散布与并列指数（IJI）较大,其空间关系较为复杂。栎柏混交林、柏木纯林的聚集度（A1）较小,斑块分散度大,连接睦较差;而桤柏混交林、松柏混交林的分散度较大,连接性较好。桤柏混交林、松柏混交林的形状指数（LSI）较小,形状分布较规则,而马尾松纯林、柏木纯林的形状指数较大,形状较复杂。从不同景观类型林下灌草层的生物多样性指数可知,松柏混交林、栎柏混交林的灌草多样性指数均较大,而马尾松纯林、柏木纯林则较小。从保持水土功能来看：桤柏混交林、松柏混交林的水土保持效果优于柏木纯林、马尾松纯林,桤柏混交林的水土保持效果优于松柏混交林。因此,对长江防护林进行空间结构调整,应多采用混交林模式,针阔混交林代替针针混交,乔灌草结合,调整合理的密度,使防护林景观的生态功能更好地发挥。     

克州退耕还林工作的现状、问题及对策

干旱区的生态环境,特别是绿洲的开发,改变了地-气系统的能量交换。几年来对绿洲气候的研究、气候资料的分析和实地考察表明,新疆南部干旱区最近几年的戈壁绿洲开发已改变了整个地州的气候变化,使其变为有利于人类的生存和发展。在戈壁绿洲的开发利用与环境变化之间,存在着2种截然相反的反馈作用：环境变好→绿洲发展→环境更好→绿洲再发展;环境恶化→绿洲退化→环境更坏→绿洲再退化,甚至消失。决定这2种反馈作用的是大环境的变迁和绿洲开发利用中是否合理利用资源和按自然规律办事。本文针对此问题进行了论述。     

Identifying correlates of success and failure of native freshwater fish reintroductions

Reintroduction of imperiled native freshwater fish is becoming an increasingly important conservation tool amidst persistent anthropogenic pressures and new threats related to climate change. We summarized trends in native fish reintroductions in the current literature, identified predictors of reintroduction outcome, and devised recommendations for managers attempting future native fish reintroductions. We constructed random forest classifications using data from 260 published case studies of native fish reintroductions to estimate the effectiveness of variables in predicting reintroduction outcome. The outcome of each case was assigned as a success or failure on the basis of the author's perception of the outcome and on whether or not survival, spawning, or recruitment were documented during post‐reintroduction monitoring. Inadequately addressing the initial cause of decline was the best predictor of reintroduction failure. Variables associated with habitat (e.g., water quality, prey availability) were also good predictors of reintroduction outcomes, followed by variables associated with stocking (e.g., genetic diversity of stock source, duration of stocking event). Consideration of these variables by managers during the planning process may increase the likelihood for successful outcomes in future reintroduction attempts of native freshwater fish. Identificación de Correlaciones de Éxito y Fracaso de Reintroducciones de Peces de Nativos Agua Dulce