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261.
Does Community-Based Conservation Shape Favorable Attitudes Among Locals? An Empirical Study from Nepal 总被引:15,自引:1,他引:14
Like many developing countries, Nepal has adopted a community-based conservation (CBC) approach in recent years to manage
its protected areas mainly in response to poor park–people relations. Among other things, under this approach the government
has created new “people-oriented” conservation areas, formed and devolved legal authority to grassroots-level institutions
to manage local resources, fostered infrastructure development, promoted tourism, and provided income-generating trainings
to local people. Of interest to policy-makers and resource managers in Nepal and worldwide is whether this approach to conservation
leads to improved attitudes on the part of local people. It is also important to know if personal costs and benefits associated
with various intervention programs, and socioeconomic and demographic characteristics influence these attitudes.
We explore these questions by looking at the experiences in Annapurna and Makalu-Barun Conservation Areas, Nepal, which have
largely adopted a CBC approach in policy formulation, planning, and management. The research was conducted during 1996 and
1997; the data collection methods included random household questionnaire surveys, informal interviews, and review of official
records and published literature. The results indicated that the majority of local people held favorable attitudes toward
these conservation areas. Logistic regression results revealed that participation in training, benefit from tourism, wildlife
depredation issue, ethnicity, gender, and education level were the significant predictors of local attitudes in one or the
other conservation area. We conclude that the CBC approach has potential to shape favorable local attitudes and that these
attitudes will be mediated by some personal attributes. 相似文献
262.
Despite the large implications of the use of tropical land for exports (“land absorption”) on ecosystem services (ES) and global biodiversity conservation, the magnitude of these externalities is not known. We quantify the net value of ES lost in tropical countries as a result of cropland, forestland and pastureland absorption for exports after deducting ES gains through imports (“land displacement”). We find that net ES gains occur only in 7 out of the 41 countries and regions considered. We estimate global annual net losses of over 1.7 x 1012 international dollars (I$) (I$1.1 x 1012 if carbon-related services are not considered). After deducting the benefits from agricultural, forest and livestock rents in land replacing tropical forests, the net annual losses are I$1.3 and I$0.7 x 1012, respectively. The results highlight the large magnitude of tropical ES losses through international trade that are not compensated by the rents of land uses in absorbed land.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-016-0768-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献263.
Based on the norm activation theory we developed assumptions about how parents may influence specific pro-environmental behaviours (i.e. re-use of paper and recycling) of their children (age 8–10). A sample of 206 parent-child-dyads were investigated using questionnaires recording norm activation model variables for children (i.e. awareness of need, awareness of consequences, personal norm, subjective norm, pro-environmental behaviour), as well as communication behaviour and actual behaviour of parents. For both behaviours (re-use and recycling) two separate structural equation models were tested (N = 206 and N = 194). Model fit statistics indicate a good fit of empirical data and model structure for both behaviours, supporting our assumption that the norm activation model can be applied to pro-environmental behaviour of young children. Communication behaviour of parents had a different influence on the two respective behaviours. While parents seemed to influence their children's recycling behaviour via sanctions and their own behaviour, re-use of paper was mainly influenced via communication of problem knowledge. 相似文献
264.
The rapid development of parks and ecotourism in China has attracted worldwide attention, not only for the beauty of the landscape
that the parks are protecting but also for their abundant and often unique biodiversity. However, in some areas, the development
of ecotourism has actually led to the degradation of local ecological, economic, and social systems. Using National Forest
Parks for demonstration, this article analyzes the current political, institutional, legal, environmental, and economic issues
concerning National Parks in China, and examines their potential future development. Although the intention of National Park
systems in China is to raise environmental quality, and to protect biodiversity and social livelihoods, their success has
varied. Future success will be measured by their capacity to reduce poverty, to promote long-term rehabilitation of wildlife
habitats, and to simultaneously protect Chinese culture and biodiversity. 相似文献
265.
The small playa-lakes and other saline wetlands of Monegros, scattered over a dry area with winter cereal monoculture, are threatened by the settlement of new irrigation districts and other kinds of human pressure. Enforcing the protection rules of European Union in these valuable habitats requires, first, their delimitation and monitoring. This article shows how these tasks can be undertaken using remote sensing in conjunction with field observations. A series of Landsat images covering different seasons provided a comprehensive view of these wetlands encompassing their changing facies, hydrologic regime, state of conservation, and functional status. Remotely-sensed data were the primary, and in most cases the only available, source of consistent information. Our approach can help planning and surveying for the implementation of saline wetland protection measures in harmony with the conterminous agricultural areas. 相似文献
266.
Dirac Twidwell Carissa L. Wonkka Christine H. Bielski Craig R. Allen David G. Angeler Jacob Drozda Ahjond S. Garmestani Julia Johnson Larkin A. Powell Caleb P. Roberts 《Conservation biology》2018,32(4):905-915
A modern challenge for conservation biology is to assess the consequences of policies that adhere to assumptions of stationarity (e.g., historic norms) in an era of global environmental change. Such policies may result in unexpected and surprising levels of mitigation given future climate‐change trajectories, especially as agriculture looks to protected areas to buffer against production losses during periods of environmental extremes. We assessed the potential impact of climate‐change scenarios on the rates at which grasslands enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) are authorized for emergency harvesting (i.e., biomass removal) for agricultural use, which can occur when precipitation for the previous 4 months is below 40% of the normal or historical mean precipitation for that 4‐month period. We developed and analyzed scenarios under the condition that policy will continue to operate under assumptions of stationarity, thereby authorizing emergency biomass harvesting solely as a function of precipitation departure from historic norms. Model projections showed the historical likelihood of authorizing emergency biomass harvesting in any given year in the northern Great Plains was 33.28% based on long‐term weather records. Emergency biomass harvesting became the norm (>50% of years) in the scenario that reflected continued increases in emissions and a decrease in growing‐season precipitation, and areas in the Great Plains with higher historical mean annual rainfall were disproportionately affected and were subject to a greater increase in emergency biomass removal. Emergency biomass harvesting decreased only in the scenario with rapid reductions in emissions. Our scenario‐impact analysis indicated that biomass from lands enrolled in the CRP would be used primarily as a buffer for agriculture in an era of climatic change unless policy guidelines are adapted or climate‐change projections significantly depart from the current consensus. 相似文献
267.
Biodiversity conservation has been criticized for undermining or ignoring social well‐being. Currently efforts to mutually promote social justice, rural development, and biodiversity conservation, which have been contentious and yielded mixed results, continue to spread despite a general dearth of effective management strategies. We contend that social and economic concerns should be integral to conservation planning and propose that the scale of these phenomena is also critical. To evaluate the merit of this proposal, we adopted and expanded a conservation management strategy framework developed by Joel Heinen and examined how population density, economic disparity, and ethnic heterogeneity vary spatially surrounding 2 contrasting protected areas in East Africa: Kibale National Park in Uganda and Tarangire National Park in Tanzania. Analyses of demographic, wealth, and ethnicity data from regional censuses and household surveys conducted in 2009 and 2010 indicated that choice of scale (landscape or community) changed the management strategies recommended by the model. Therefore, “several small” people?park management strategies varying around a given protected area may be more appropriate than a “single large” people–park strategy applied across an entire protected area. Correspondingly, scale adjusted Heinen recommendations offered new strategies for effective conservation management within these human landscapes not incorporated in current in situ management plans. Uso de Varias Políticas Pequeñas o una Única Política Mayor como Estrategias para Manejar las Interacciones Gente – Parque 相似文献
268.
Comprehensive classification systems to accurately account for lands managed for biodiversity conservation, are an essential component of conservation planning and policy. The current international classification systems for lands managed for nature conservation are reviewed, with a particular emphasis on Australia. The need for a broader, all-encompassing, categorisation of lands managed for conservation is presented and a proposed broader categorisation system is developed—the Conservation Lands Classification. This classification system has the advantage of incorporating data on both tenure and protection mechanisms and has been applied in this paper using conservation lands in three Australian jurisdictions as examples. It is envisaged that this method of classification has the potential to significantly improve the ability to measure current and future trends in nature conservation across all land types at a variety of scales and hence is put forward in order to stimulate discussion on this important topic. 相似文献
269.
城市发展与生物多样性保护 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
生物多样性是指各种生命形式的资源,它是人类存在的基础。城市发展极大程度地改变了人们生存的环境,也导致生物多样性的急剧变化。而一个自然和谐的生态城市是与生物多样性的保护和利用密不可分的。该文从城市生物多样性的价值、保护现状、受威胁原因及保护恢复措施等几方面,探讨了城市中生物多样性的保护与利用。保护城市生物多样性是当前城市建设与管理面临的新问题,同时也为城市环境的改善提供了一个崭新契机。 相似文献
270.