污水处理效果评价的一点思考

污染物去除率是评价污水处理效果的最为关键的指标,在对不同条件下的污水处理设施进行比较评价时,呈现出不够全面之处。以城镇污水处理厂污水处理效果比较评价举例说明之,并提出解决方法。     

污水处理厂剩余污泥中总磷的测定

采用过硫酸钾消解-钼锑抗分光光度法的方法测定污水处理厂剩余污泥中的总磷,通过实验确定最佳预处理方法、消解方法、过硫酸钾用量等分析条件。结果表明,方法线性良好,实际污泥样品的平行测定的RSD为0.5%～1.1%,加标回收率为97.0%～106%。     

Does the energy labelling system for domestic tumble dryers serve its purpose?

Tumble dryers sold on the market today are labelled according to their energy efficiency. This labelling system has primarily two purposes: to guide buyers to a product with low energy use, lower cost and lower environmental impact and to encourage producers to develop even more energy-efficient products. Tumble dryers are optimized for their maximum capacity, which is used as the standard load for determining the energy label. Three different tumble dryers have been tested with different drying loads. Results indicate that all the tested tumble dryers have significantly lower energy efficiency when drying small loads. In order to encourage the development of tumble dryers with high energy efficiency at drying loads used in ordinary households, the standards for the energy labelling system should be revised.     

外加酶强化剩余污泥微生物燃料电池产电特性的研究

以剩余污泥作为接种液和基质,探讨了外加酶(中性蛋白酶、α-淀粉酶)强化单室型剩余污泥微生物燃料电池产电效率的可行性,研究了酶投加量对微生物燃料电池的产电特性及剩余污泥减量的影响.结果表明,在相同条件下,实验组产生的最大功率密度远远高于对照组;当酶的总投加量为10 mg.g-1时,最大输出功率密度及污泥水解效率达到最大,即中性蛋白酶组的最大功率密度、库仑效率、TCOD去除率、TSS去除率、VSS去除率分别为507 mW.m-2、3.98%、88.31%、83.18%、89.03%,而α-淀粉酶组则分别为700 mW.m-2、5.11%、94.09%、98.02%、98.80%.本实验采用向剩余污泥中投加酶的方法,成功增强了微生物燃料电池的产电效率,同时对剩余污泥有效地进行了处理,为微生物燃料电池的实际应用提供了新途径.     

市场经济下我国农村剩余劳动力的转移与开发

市场经济的高速发展使我国农村发生了重大变革,农村剩余劳动力问题成为社会关注的一个重要课题。本文通过对农村劳动力的基本状况和转移特征的论述,客观地分析了剩余劳动力转移的阶段性,提出了劳动力转移开发的几种模式,并就这一问题提出了建议     

Like father,like son? Intergenerational transmission of values,attitudes, and behaviours in the environmental domain

How is young people's pro-environmental orientation related to their parents' pro-environmental values, attitudes, and behaviours? To answer this question, we examine parent–child similarities of general values as well as specific attitudes and behaviours related to three common household practices: purchasing environmentally friendly products, curtailing electricity use, and handling waste responsibly in a sample of 601 Danish families. Significant and positive, but weak correlations between parents' and children's values are found across all of Schwartz's ten value domains. The parent–child correlations are stronger for specific pro-environmental attitudes and behaviours. The positive correlations suggest that family socialization exert a significant influence on young consumers' pro-environmental orientation. Still, the young generation is, on average, significantly less environmentally concerned than their parents' generation. Implications of these findings are discussed.     

元素硫颗粒粒径对污泥重金属生物沥滤的影响

以城市污水处理厂剩余污泥作为处理介质,土著嗜酸氧化硫硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans,A.thiooxi-dans)为主要沥滤微生物,采用序批式生物沥滤装置,就投加150~725μm的不同粒径元素硫对沥滤的酸化效果、硫酸根产率和重金属去除效果的影响进行了研究。结果表明,在元素硫投配量为3 g/L,曝气强度为1.0 L/(min.L)的条件下,元素硫粒径在165~215μm范围减小时能显著改善污泥酸化速度、提高酸化程度和硫酸根产率。底物元素硫的最佳粒径为165μm,此时沥滤体系pH下降速率为0.85个pH单位/d,硫酸根的产率为454.9 mg/(L.d),沥滤6 d后污泥中高浓度重金属Cu、Zn、Cd的去除率达到70.3%、81.2%、87.8%.     

京津冀及江浙沪经济圈生态足迹比较分析

利用生态足迹模型分析了1996~2008年京津冀和江浙沪经济圈的人均生态足迹和生态承载力,并将两大经济圈的核心城市做了相应的对比。结果表明：京津冀经济圈的人均生态足迹高于江浙沪经济圈,其中江浙沪经济圈的生态足迹增长速度相对较高;两大经济圈人均生态承载力在1998年均有较大幅度下降,其后基本保持不变;两大经济圈1996~2008年均处于生态赤字状态,且呈现逐年增加态势,经济圈内核心城市人均生态赤字远高于同区域的省份,京津冀经济圈大部分年份人均生态赤字高于江浙沪经济圈;北京、天津、上海3大核心城市的各项生态足迹指标均呈上升趋势,天津市和上海市的人均生态足迹和人均生态赤字两项指标均高于北京市,且历年上海市的人均生态足迹平均要高出天津市14%以上,人均生态赤字高出天津市279%。未来经济圈的发展需要发挥其经济优势,通过技术创新提高资源利用效率,改变生产和生活方式,使地区经济保持可持续发展     

以污泥为载体的金属氧化物脱硝催化剂的研究

以城市污水处理厂剩余污泥为原料,用氯化锌、硝酸锰和硝酸铁化学浸渍、高温热解制备脱除NO的催化剂.用微型气固相催化反应装置考察了该催化剂在CO选择性催化还原NO中的应用效果及寿命.实验结果表明:在350～550℃时的催化活性较高,在450℃时NO的最大转化率可达97.1%;催化剂的活性良好,经660 min的活性测试,催化剂的活性只降低了约3%.对该催化剂进行了BET、X射线衍射和扫描电镜分析,结果表明,该催化剂具有丰富的晶体结构,而且表面及空隙间负载的活性粒子较多,这些特征也表明该催化剂具有良好的催化性能.     

Volatile pollutants emitted from selected liquid household products

BACKGROUND, AIM, AND SCOPE: To identify household products that may be potential sources of indoor air pollution, the chemical composition emitted from the products should be surveyed. Although this kind of survey has been conducted by certain research groups in Western Europe and the USA, there is still limited information in scientific literature. Moreover, chemical components and their proportions of household products are suspected to be different with different manufacturers. Consequently, the current study evaluated the emission composition for 42 liquid household products sold in Korea, focusing on five product classes (deodorizers, household cleaners, color removers, pesticides, and polishes). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study included two phase experiments. First, the chemical components and their proportions in household products were determined using a gas chromatograph and mass spectrometer system. For the 19 target compounds screened by the first phase of the experiment and other selection criteria, the second phase was done to identify their proportions in the purged-gas phase. RESULTS: The number of chemicals in the household products surveyed ranged from 9 to 113. Eight (product class of pesticides) to 17 (product class of cleaning products) compounds were detected in the purged-gas phase of each product class. Several compounds were identified in more than one product class. Six chemicals (acetone, ethanol, limonene, perchloroethylene (PCE), phenol, and 1-propanol) were identified in all five product classes. There were 13 analytes occurring with a frequency of more than 10% in the household products: limonene (76.2%), ethanol (71.4%), PCE (66.7%), phenol (40.5%), 1-propanol (35.7%), decane (33%), acetone (28.6%), toluene (19.0%), 2-butoxy ethanol (16.7%), o-xylene (16.7%), chlorobenzene (14.3%), ethylbenzene (11.9%), and hexane (11.9%). All of the 42 household products analyzed were found to contain one or more of the 19 compounds. DISCUSSION: The chemical composition varied broadly along with the product classes or product categories, and it was different from that reported in other studies abroad, although certain target chemicals were identified in both studies. This finding supports an assertion that chemical components emitted from household products may be different in different products and with different manufacturers. The chlorinated pollutants identified in the present study have not been reported to be components of cleaning products in papers published since the early 1990s. Limonene was identified as having the highest occurrence in the household products in the present study, although it was not detected in any of 67 household products sold in the U.S. CONCLUSIONS: The emission composition of selected household products was successfully examined by purge-and-trap analysis. Along with other exposure information such as use pattern of household products and the indoor climate, this composition data can be used to estimate personal exposure levels of building occupants. This exposure data can be employed to link environmental exposure to health risk. It is noteworthy that many liquid household products sold in Korea emitted several toxic aromatic and chlorinated organic compounds. Moreover, the current finding suggests that product types and manufacturers should be considered, when evaluating building occupants' exposure to chemical components emitted from household products. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: The current findings can provide valuable information for the semiquantitative estimation of the population inhalation exposure to these compounds in indoor environments and for the selection of safer household products. However, although the chemical composition is known, the emissions of household products might include compounds formed during the use of the product or compounds not identified as ingredients by this study. Accordingly, further studies are required, and testing must be done to determine the actual composition being emitted. Similar to eco-labeling of shampoos, shower gels, and foam baths proposed by a previous study, eco-labeling of other household products is suggested.