Potential nitrogen enrichment of soil and surface water by atmospheric ammonia sorption in intensive livestock production areas

Elevated atmospheric NH₃ levels near intensive livestock operations can add significant N to local agroecosystems. In this study, the potential atmospheric NH₃ sorbed by soil and water was assessed over a 2-year period starting October 2000 in an intensive livestock production area in southern Alberta, Canada. Fifty-two uneven grid sampling sites were selected in the 53,905 ha study area. The sorption rate of atmospheric NH₃ was estimated weekly by exposing distilled water and air-dried soil samples to the atmosphere at the sampling sites. The increases in NH₄–N content in the samples after 1-week exposure was regarded as an index of the atmospheric NH₃ sorbed for that week. The NH₃ sorption rates were highly variable across the 52 sites, with water ranging from 4 to 125 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ with a mean of 22 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and soil from 5 to 84 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ with a mean of 20 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. Considerable variation in NH₃–N sorption across the study area reflects the effects of size, direction (upwind or downwind) and proximity of nearby livestock operations or other NH₃ sources and operators’ activities around the sampling sites. The NH₃ sorption rate at each site also varied considerably in response to weather conditions. The high rate of NH₃ input poses a direct risk of surface water eutrophication in intensive livestock operation areas. If fertilizer recommendations are not reduced to account for NH₃ sorption by soil, excess N may also contribute to eutrophication through runoff and leaching.     

秦皇岛港煤一、二期码头及附近区域大气降尘环境污染分析

论述了煤炭港口大气降尘与煤尘污染的关系。通过对秦泉岛港煤一、二期码头及附近区域大气降尘的长期连续监测以及对资料进行整理、对比，分析了大气降尘的分布特征。从而得到港口投产以来的煤尘污染变化及趋势。     

供水管网终端消毒副产物分布特征及预测模型

消毒副产物(disinfection by-products, DBPs)是影响饮用水水质的重要指标.以浙江省H市某区域供水点为调查目标,考察终端龙头水及加热器处理后饮用水中DBPs的含量特征,结合水质理化指标,初步确定管网终端DBPs预测模型,评估经口摄入的健康风险.结果表明,H市某供水点龙头水中共检出THMs、HANs和HAAs这3类共计10种DBPs.龙头水中目标DBPs检出率均为100%,THMs、HANs和HAAs质量浓度分别为10.12～28.39、 0.98～5.19和2.65～7.83μg·L~(-1);热水中TBM、TCAN和DBAN的检出率分别为46.43%、 82.14%和92.86%,BCAN未检出,其它DBPs检出率为100%,THMs、HANs和HAAs质量浓度分别为0.60～12.58、 0.02～0.52和2.42～5.86μg·L~(-1).加热处理后THMs和HANs的含量有所降低,总量分别降低84.22%和91.45%,HAAs变化不明显.水质理化指标pH值和SUVA与DBPs呈正相关关系,余氯和氨氮与DBPs呈负相关关系.根据常规指标与DBPs相关性建立THMs多元线性预测模型,相对误差小于10.00%,准确度较高,可用于管网供水终端THMs的预测.基于美国环保署推荐的健康风险评价模型对经口摄取途径时氯消毒副产物的致癌和非致癌风险进行计算,发现H市龙头水和热水中DBPs通过饮水途径的致癌风险分别为(17.24～84.63)×10~(-6)和(25.49～258.82)×10~(-7);非致癌风险分别为(4.17～50.32)×10~(-2)和(6.52～107.74)×10~(-3).龙头水中BDCM对致癌风险的贡献率最大,而热水系统中TCM贡献率最大;龙头水及热水中非致癌风险主要来自于TCM.热水中THMs的削减量最高达到94.38%,致癌风险降低79.00%.     

万家寨引黄工程引水终端水质预测分析

采用QWASI逸度模型对引水中检出的10种主要有机污染物和8种重金属在输水过程中沉积、转化以及归趋进行了分析。最终定量给出引水在进入太原市净水厂时10种有机物和8种重金属的预测浓度，为对水质进行进一步安全性评价和水处理提供了参考依据。     

A comparison of fixed-site and non-fixed-site approaches for species protection

The efficacy of simultaneously advancing two distinct conceptual designs (referred to here as fixed-site and non-fixed-site) for species conservation and protection is addressed. In the literature, numerous models can be found that typically stem from a particular design, but rarely are comparisons made between approaches. This paper presents a more integrated optimization framework that models landowner behavior and species viabilities at a landscape scale. Regional demand for resource extraction is used as the economic driver, a variant of simulated annealing is used to solve the model under different species protection approaches, and a detailed species population simulator is utilized to measure biological responses. When directly comparing the outcomes of different species protection strategies from a case study in Oregon (USA), it was found that neither approach was universally superior in terms of financial value or degree of protection for two late seral forest dependent species.     

末制导炮弹修理元件寿命试验方法研究

从确保修理的经济性、修后的储存寿命角度考虑,确定了需要开展寿命试验的末制导炮弹元件。在此基础上,提出了末制导炮弹不可重复测试元件和可重复测试元件寿命试验方法;综合权衡试验费用和试验精度,给出了修理元件寿命试验的有关建议。     

电磁兼容发射测量中的不确定度

本文着重分析电磁兼容发射测量中的不确定度。以评定电源端子骚扰电压的不确定度为例,介绍发射测量不确定度的目的、不确定度源的种类、不确定度报告的评定方法及其Ucispr和不确定度在符合性判据中的运用。     

Loss Rates from Lake Powell and Their Impact on Management of the Colorado River

As demand for water in the southwestern United States increases and climate change potentially decreases the natural flows in the Colorado River system, there will be increased need to optimize the water supply. Lake Powell is a large reservoir with potentially high loss rates to bank storage and evaporation. Bank storage is estimated as a residual in the reservoir water balance. Estimates of local inflow contribute uncertainty to estimates of bank storage. Regression analyses of local inflow with gaged tributaries have improved the estimate of local inflow. Using a stochastic estimate of local inflow based on the standard error of the regression estimator and of gross evaporation based on observed variability at Lake Mead, a reservoir water balance was used to estimate that more than 14.8 billion cubic meters (Gm³) has been stored in the banks, with a 90% probability that the value is actually between 11.8 and 18.5 Gm³. Groundwater models developed by others, observed groundwater levels, and simple transmissivity calculations confirm these bank storage estimates. Assuming a constant bank storage fraction for simulations of the future may cause managers to underestimate the actual losses from the reservoir. Updated management regimes which account more accurately for bank storage and evaporation could save water that will otherwise be lost to the banks or evaporation.     

用于油库VOCs治理末端的膜法油气回收工艺

为应对愈发严格的环保排放标准,使用新型膜分离技术回收轻质油品蒸发出来的油气。介绍了膜分离工艺的基本原理、系统组成、工艺特点等。以橡胶态膜作为核心分离组件,自行设计了"膜法+吸附法"油气回收工艺,在油库搭建了500 m3/h的膜法油气回收装置。现场应用结果表明,装置运行可靠,工艺简单,占地面积小,安全性高,能够较好地满足国家各项标准的要求。     

某国际机场航站楼离港层大空间的复合排烟方案

某国际机场航站楼的离港层大厅防火分区包括离港大厅和安检边检区,建筑面积近2万平米,最高处净高22米,最低处净高4米,属于复杂的大空间建筑,难以采用全区的机械排烟或自然排烟方案.采用了一种复合排烟方案以保证人员安全疏散和灭火救援,即在离港大厅内自然排烟,在安检边检区机械排烟,在离港大厅和安检边检区之间的大开口处设置挡烟垂壁,防止烟气相互蔓延.两个区域的排烟系统各自独立控制,但可以在排烟时通过大开口为相邻区域提供自然补风.此外还在安检边检区设置快速响应喷头来控制火灾热释放速率.该排烟方案充分利用了空问特点,有利于烟气控制和人员安全疏散.最后通过计算机数值模拟验证了该方案的合理性和有效性.