地浸井场外围含水层砂岩对铀的吸附行为

天然含水层介质对铀的吸附是地下水铀天然衰减的决定因素.然而,人们对天然含水层砂岩吸附铀行为的认识相当有限.因此,本文采用静态实验及数值模拟相结合的方法研究了地浸井场外围砂岩对铀的吸附行为,探究了天然砂岩对溶液中铀的吸附动力学和等温吸附特征,研究了铀初始浓度、pH、其他离子种类与浓度对铀吸附的影响.结果表明,准二级动力学方程与Freundlich等温吸附模型可以更好地表征砂岩对铀的吸附行为;随着溶液中铀初始浓度的增大,砂岩对水溶液中铀的吸附量增大,吸附率减小;在初始pH=3时,铀的吸附率达到最大,为77%;砂岩对溶液中铀的吸附率会随反应体系中Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、SO₄^2-、HCO^-₃等离子浓度的升高而下降,4种共存离子对该吸附过程抑制能力的顺序为:SO₄^2-2+2+-₃.这些研究结果可为地浸...     

Is Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) a Useful Indicator to Forecast Groundwater Droughts? — Insights from a Karst Aquifer

The study sought to understand the relationships between meteorological and groundwater droughts on water levels and spring discharges in Edwards Aquifer, Texas. Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI)‐styled Standardized Groundwater Index (SGI) was used to quantify groundwater droughts. SGI time series signal was delayed and damped, while SPI was volatile. SGI values correlated well with SPI values that were observed five to eight months ago. Dynamic regression models with lagged SPI terms and autoregressive integrated moving average errors indicated a statistically significant yet weak relationship between Lag‐1 SPI and SGI. The utility of SPI for groundwater drought forecasting was minimal in this aquifer. Nonseasonal and seasonal autoregressive terms played an important role in forecasting SGI and highlighted the need for long‐term, high‐resolution monitoring to properly characterize groundwater droughts. Spring flows exhibited stronger and quicker responses to meteorological droughts than changes in storage. In aquifers with spring discharges, groundwater monitoring programs must make efforts to inventory and monitor them. Groundwater drought contingency measures can be initiated using SPI but this indicator is perhaps inappropriate to remove groundwater drought restrictions.     

What is a static head measurement? Evaluating structural error and implications for regional groundwater modeling

Most groundwater modelers avoid using static heads measured from active production wells because they can introduce a bias into model calibration. However, in the deep confined Cambrian-Ordovician Sandstone Aquifer System in the Central Midcontinent of North America, dedicated observation wells are sparse and remote from areas of most concentrated pumping. As a result, in areas where drawdown is the greatest and modeling is most needed, only static heads from production wells are available for calibration. This paper evaluates two leading sources of discrepancies in using production well data, spatial and temporal structural error (S.E.). A simple Theis solution is used to evaluate the potential magnitude of spatial S.E. when calibrating a regional MODFLOW model with coarse cell resolution. Despite theoretical analyses indicating that spatial S.E. could be significant, statistical analysis of the model results suggests that temporal S.E. is dominant. Long (ranging over decades) or frequent (monthly) head datasets are key in understanding temporal S.E., to better capture water-level variability. In this study, the range in static head observations impacted estimates of the remaining time a well could extract water from the aquifer by 0.1 to 16.0 years. This uncertainty in future water supply is highly relevant to stakeholders and must be assessed in hydrographs depicting risk.     

PRB活性介质球磨硫铁矿去除硝基苯

采用机械化学法制备了球磨硫铁矿粉末（BMP）,采用批次实验研究了BMP对硝基苯（NB）的还原性能,采用砂柱实验考察BMP用于填充可渗透反应屏障（PRB）以修复硝基苯污染地下水的可行性.X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、傅立叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）对BMP反应前后的形态、晶体结构和元素组成进行表征分析.结果表明,BMP可以有效地去除NB,去除率达98.8%,主要还原产物为苯胺（AN）.准一级动力学模型较好地拟合了NB的降解过程,降解动力学常数为59.03×10^-3min^-1.GC-MS分析未检出除AN外的其它污染物.砂柱实验结果表明,BMP-PRB可以连续高效去除模拟地下水中的NB,地下水成分保持稳定,急性毒性显著降低.表征分析表明,BMP对NB及其还原产物有一定的吸附作用.BMP表面持续产生具有还原性的Fe²⁺和S^2-等活性物质,可与NB的强吸电子基团硝基反应生成AN和Fe³⁺,而Fe³⁺氧化硫铁矿会产生Fe²⁺并促进Fe²⁺-Fe³⁺循环.     

基于复合叠加模型的地下水污染风险区划研究——以山东省临淄区为例

临淄区是著名的化工城,为区域经济发展带来了巨大的促进作用,然而在生产过程中产生的环境问题也十分突出。针对临淄区地下水分布广泛,地貌、水文地质条件复杂,化工企业众多,地下水污染风险控制因素复杂,采用地下水地层防污性能叠加污染源强度建立模型,划分了临淄区地下水污染风险高、较高、中、低风险区域。其中,堠皋地区污染风险高,地下水样品分析结果表明此区域内地下水苯系物污染严重,证实了污染风险划分的有效性及客观性。建议对高风险地区采取更为严格的防控措施,主要包括完善监管制度、联合采用多种措施阻断污染途径、查明污染来源及包气带、含水层联合处置的方式改善地下水质量。     

Bankfull Regional Curves for the Inner and Outer Bluegrass Regions of Kentucky1

Brockman, Ruth R., Carmen T. Agouridis, Stephen R. Workman, Lindell E. Ormsbee, and Alex W. Fogle, 2012. Bankfull Regional Curves for the Inner and Outer Bluegrass Regions of Kentucky. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(2): 391‐406. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00621.x Abstract: Bankfull regional curves that relate channel dimensions and discharge to watershed drainage area are useful tools for assisting in the correct identification of bankfull elevation and in stream restoration and reconstruction. This study assessed 28 stable streams located in two physiographic regions of Kentucky: the Inner Bluegrass and the Outer Bluegrass. Bankfull channel dimensions, discharge, and return period as well as average channel slope, median bed material size, sinuosity, Rosgen stream classification, and percent impervious area were determined. Significant relationships were found between drainage area and the bankfull characteristics of cross‐sectional area, width, mean depth, and discharge for both the Inner Bluegrass and Outer Bluegrass regions (α = 0.05). It was also found that the percent impervious area in a watershed had minimal effect on bankfull dimensions, which is attributed to the well‐vegetated nature of the streambanks, cohesive streambank materials, and bedrock control. No significant differences between any of the Inner Bluegrass and Outer Bluegrass regional curves were found (α = 0.05). Comparisons were made between the Inner Bluegrass and Outer Bluegrass curves and others developed in karst‐influenced areas in the Eastern United States. Although few significant differences were found between the regional curves for bankfull discharge and width, a number of the curves differed with regards to bankfull cross‐sectional area and mean depth.     

Climate change and village adaptation impact on reliability of irrigation wells in China

This paper builds a water supply reliability econometric model to analyze climate changes and adaptation impact factors on water supply reliability of irrigation wells by using 100 villages’ three-year (2010–2012) field survey data of five middle and eastern provinces of China. The results show that long-run climate change factors, adaptation measures, village-level organizations of irrigation management, as well as extreme climate factors affect the water supply reliability of irrigation wells significantly. Meanwhile, there are significant differences impacting different crops and provinces. This paper suggests that agriculture meteorological disaster monitoring and warning systems should be strengthened by increasing irrigation facilities construction and maintenance, promoting reform of agricultural irrigation water management system, and developing various forms of peasant cooperation organization in order to improve agricultural production capacity to adapt to climate change.     

灰色关联度分析在地下水污染源强定量评价中的应用

以氨氮为研究对象,利用HYDRUS-1D软件模拟多个污染场地氨氮质量浓度的折减系数,通过灰色关联度法分析折减系数与场地污染源、包气带特征指标之间的关联程度.依据关联度计算结果,建立了以主要特征指标为自变量、折减系数为因变量的多元线性回归方程,综合反映包气带对某一特征污染物的衰减能力.案例研究结果表明,在典型场地资料有限的前提下,该方法能快速有效地得到地下水中的氨氮质量浓度预测值,并保证计算误差在统计学标准范围内.     

崇左响水地区地下水水质分析及健康风险评价

以崇左响水地区为研究区域,对区域内60个地下水样品中的常规指标和金属元素进行测定和分析,运用内梅罗综合指数法分析了不同类型地下水环境质量,应用健康风险评价模型评价了不同类型地下水的健康风险.结果表明,井水、泉水和地下河水的常规指标和金属元素均出现不同程度的超标现象,水质级别均为较差级别,地下河水的综合评价分值(F=4. 26)最低,井水和泉水的综合评价分值(F=7. 10)相同.高硬度和高矿化度利于Cr的富集,还原环境利于As的富集,Zn、Pb、Cd和Cu经过的环境地球化学作用相似,Fe、Al和Mn来源相似.健康风险评价表明,3种类型地下水的健康总风险偏高,大小顺序为井水地下河水泉水,主要来源于致癌性金属元素Cr.致癌总风险比非致癌总风险高4～6个数量级,致癌总风险均高于最大可接受风险水平(5. 0×10~(-5)a~(-1)),非致癌总风险均小于可接受的健康风险水平(10~(-6)a~(-1)).儿童健康总风险大于成人,经饮水途径引起的健康风险比皮肤接触途径高2～3个数量级.从饮水安全考虑,在饮用前需对井水、地下河水和泉水进行适当处理并实施对Cr污染物的控制.     

微米铁复合生物碳源对地下水中1,2-二氯乙烷的高效去除

1,2-二氯乙烷(1,2-DCA)是一类地下水中常见的难降解饱和氯代烃,为探究厌氧条件下零价铁(ZVI)协同生物作用对其降解规律,采集北京市某氯代烃污染场地地下水及含水层土壤,利用微宇宙实验体系,通过添加由微米级零价铁(mZVI)、生物碳源及营养组成的复合药剂,考察不同条件下1,2-DCA的去除效果,并对地下水理化参数的变化进行长期监测.结果表明:复合药剂添加量为3%时,恒温、避光、匀速振荡的反应条件下,15 d内地下水中的1,2-DCA即可降至低于检出限.中性pH及SO_4~(2-)的存在更有利于1,2-DCA的脱氯降解. 30 d后仅检测到体系中明显的乙烯产生,推测双脱氯消除为1,2-DCA在该体系内的主要降解途径.此外,复合药剂加入后,地下水可长时间维持较低的氧化还原电位(-100～-300 m V)、溶解氧(0. 5 mg·L~(-1))以及适宜的pH值(6. 5～7. 5),利于厌氧微生物活性的维持及脱氯反应的进行.