滨岸带水华堆积与消散特征及其营养盐效应

为了解滨岸带植被、地形等地貌要素对蓝藻水华堆积及消散过程的影响,在太湖滨岸带设置不同形式的围格和植被实验区,通过逐日监测水体叶绿素a（Chl-a）的消长过程及同步营养盐变化,研究夏季蓝藻水华在湖泊滨岸带堆积与消散特征和营养盐效应.结果表明,滨岸带的地形地貌及植被状况对蓝藻水华的堆积程度及消散过程影响较大,软围隔营造的滨岸带静水环境,以及不同植被所形成的不同滞水区,显著加剧了蓝藻水华的局部堆积,从岸边挺水和浮叶植被区到开敞水域对照区,蓝藻水华的堆积程度依次递减;近岸挺水和浮叶植被区蓝藻水华堆积最严重,堆积时间最早,持续时间长;蓝藻水华堆积对营养盐等水质指标影响极大,堆积严重时该区域Chl-a含量达到了457.42μg/L,总氮（TN）达到11.04mg/L,总磷（TP）达到1.32mg/L;橡胶围格内浮叶植物区藻类堆积程度与近岸区类似,而浮叶植物与沉水植物混合区藻类堆积程度低于单一浮叶植物区;水体围隔能够加剧蓝藻水华的堆积,没有围隔的浮叶植物区藻类堆积程度最低.在蓝藻水华堆积过程中,蓝藻细胞仍在继续增殖,水体Chl-a仍会明显增加,而同期的水体营养盐的增幅小于Chl-a,甚至随着藻类生长消耗及生态系统的脱氮效应,溶解态氮磷下降明显.蓝藻水华消散过程中,TN、TP与Chl-a同步下降,但藻体中的氮磷释放到水中,导致堆积区的溶解态氮、磷有所增加,显示出明显的营养盐效应.本研究定量刻画了蓝藻水华局部堆积并快速致灾的地形地貌要素特点,揭示了蓝藻水华的水质与生态效应,为科学评估富营养化水体蓝藻水华的生态灾害风险提供科学依据.     

旅游度假区建设对旅游资源的影响评价及保护规划研究

在对岳阳南湖风景区旅游资源现状进行调查与评价的基础上,根据风景资源构成的基本要素山、水、林、气象、建筑与人之间的相互关系原理,探讨了岳阳南湖旅游度假区的开发建设对旅游资源的影响,并提出了建筑与景观协调发展规划和绿化规划等旅游资源开发与保护规划。研究结果为南湖度假区的规划、决策、建设与管理提供了有效的手段,研究方法可供其它类似旅游度假区参考     

高烈度地震区跨断层隧道不同厚度减震层减震效果分析

为进一步提高高烈度地震区跨断层隧道抗震性能,基于达万高速天坪寨隧道F,断层段,利用有限差分数值软件FLAC3D对跨断层隧道施设不同减震层厚度减震效果进行研究.结果表明:当天坪寨隧道F1断层段施设减震层厚度为150 mm时,减震效果最优,其次为200,100,50 mm;当施设150 mm减震层时,横向与竖向位移分别减小...     

三峡库区淹没消落区土壤氮素形态及分布特征

利用分级浸取分离法对三峡水库腹心地带(巫山-重庆主城区段)淹没消落区土壤中的不同形态氮含量进行了测定,并对各形态氮之间及氮形态与土壤理化特征之间的相关性进行了分析.结果表明:研究区域内,淹没消落区土壤全氮(TN)含量在676.0~1769.7 mg·kg^-1之间,均值为1182.3 mg·kg^-1,TN主要由可转化态氮(TF-N)和非可转化态氮(NTF-N)组成,占TN的百分比分别为46.3%、53.7%;消落区土壤中TF-N组分在适宜的环境条件下会成为水体的二次污染源,其对水体富营养化的影响不容忽视.淹没消落区土壤弱酸可浸取态氮(WAEF-N)、有机态和硫化物结合态氮(OSF-N)在TF-N中占的比例较高,分别为47.3%、33.9%,表明WAEF-N和OSF-N直接影响着淹没消落区土壤TF-N的含量;从各形态氮含量及相对含量的变化范围来看,均表现为WAEF-N>OSF-N>铁锰氧化态氮(IMOF-N)>离子交换态氮(IEF-N).相关性分析结果表明,TN与NTF-N的相关性显著(p<0.01),与IMOF-N及OSF-N含量之间也具有显著相关性(p<0.05),表明TN的增加主要来自NTF-N,其次是IMOF-N及OSF-N;TF-N与WAEF-N、OSF-N之间显著正相关(p<0.01), 与IMOF-N也具有显著相关性(p<0.05),表明TF-N的增加主要来源于这3种形态的氮.TN与有机质(SOM)之间显著正相关(p<0.01),TF-N、OSF-N与SOM之间也呈正相关关系(p<0.05),表明它们可能具有相似的来源或SOM的输入对消落区土壤氮形态的分布有一定的影响.     

空气动力阴影区对高层建筑周围污染物浓度分布的影响

空气动力阴影区是在风的作用下建筑物背风侧和顶部的旋涡区。当建筑物附近有污染源存在时，污染物的浓度分布与污染源和空气动力阴影区之间的相对位置有着密切关系。以一高层建筑为例，采用数值模拟的方法，探讨和分析污染源在空气动力阴影区内外几个不同相对位置时，建筑物周围污染物分布的不同。     

Prioritizing urban marine habitats for conservation

Urban coastal wetlands and adjoining coves and embayments can provide habitat for significant numbers of waterbirds, despite being subject to high levels of stressors from human activities. Yet to date little emphasis has been placed on identifying these areas and prioritizing them for conservation. In this study I outline a three-step process to identify and prioritize local sites for conservation using waterbird abundance and diversity and an index of the risk to a site from marine development, and apply it to a series of urban coastal sites in two North Atlantic estuaries located in the northeast US. By combining waterbird abundance and species richness with the risk from marine development I generated a ranked list of sites with the highest listed sites having high bird diversity and low risk from development. From this list individual sites can be prioritized for conservation, and various protection scenarios can be evaluated and compared. For example, 7 of the top 10 ranked sites in Boston Harbor, combined with sites already protected under local, state, or federal statutes, represented over half of the total bird diversity in the Harbor. Similarly, in Narragansett Bay 6 of the top 10 sites when combined with sites already protected represent 48.8% of the Bay’s bird diversity. Formally protecting these sites, all of which are at relatively low risk from marine development, could result in the conservation of considerable waterbird habitat at low economic cost (i.e., from loss of development potential). Other ranking scenarios (by bird diversity alone, or by risk from marine development) were also evaluated and compared to the combined ranking. Identification of sites with high bird diversity and low risk from development could provide important information for local land acquisition groups and planning boards when considering options for the conservation of urban coastal habitats.     

Spatial analysis of traffic and risks in the coastal zone

Management of the coastal zone for the purposes of conservation and sustainability is a well-described concept in the literature. This paper describes the importance of modelling various forms of maritime traffic as an intrinsic element of this process. Effective use of GIS in this context implies extensive data acquisition and cleaning, vessel path simulation, traffic density maps, and incident (spills or accidents) distribution when applicable. Risks can be determined by evaluating detrimental occurrences relative to exposure levels. Effective visualization and quantitative analyses can then be fruitfully applied to various coastal zone management spheres, such as oceans use planning, emergency response planning, and marine protected area delineation.     

Environmental indicators GIS of the Catalan coast

This paper describes the environmental indicators GIS of the Catalan coast, Spain. The spatial data model is based on vector and raster layers with three main modules: the biodiversity, the general biophysical and the socioeconomic. Presently, the database has a number of pressure and impact indicators that have been used to model the components and structure of the system and are suggested to build ecological resilience. Special interest has been given to the analysis of functional groups of species that are relevant to the dynamics of the coastal system, and preliminary results are presented. This system constitutes a user-oriented analytical and monitoring tool for coastal zone managers and researchers. Although, the system is under development it is expected that resulting spatial indicators of environmental condition can be used to promote more sustainable coastal strategies and actions in the Catalan coast.     

华南地区水库消涨带生态重建的植物筛选

水库消涨带水旱交替、坡度陡、土壤贫瘠,适生植物的选择一直是其生态重建的难题.在对华南地区多类型水体消涨区调查的基础上,通过在多个水库消涨带进行植物栽植试验,根据各水库水位的变化定期观测试验植物对淹水的反应和适应性,测定试验植物半淹水、全淹水与末淹水状态下叶片的光合能力、SOD活性、POD活性、可溶性蛋白质含量、MDA含量、脯氨酸含量等指标,观测试验植物出露期间的耐旱耐瘠性,同时利用松子坑水库蓄水验收的机会对设计常水位以下6 m内的野生陆生植物进行耐淹性调查评价.结果表明,铺地黍(Panicum repens)长期在陆生岸坡上生长良好,在浅淹、半淹至接近全淹时正常生长,在全淹10个月以上退水后仍能成活;榕(Ficus sp.)持续淹水11个月以上(水深0.5～2.89 m波动)仍生长正常;赤桉(Eucalyptus camaldulensis)持续淹水13个月以上(水深0.8～6.71 m波动)仍生长正常;白千层(Melaleucaleucadendron)持续淹水4个月(淹水最深2m)仍长势良好、整齐.铺地黍、榕、赤桉、白干层耐淹耐旱耐瘠,是水库消涨带生境的适生植物.     

水位变化对三峡库区低位狗牙根种群的影响

2009年调查研究了三峡库区长寿段消落带的狗牙根（Cynodon dactylon L．）种群,探讨了库区水位变化对低位狗牙根种群的影响。结果表明,156m处狗牙根地下茎的总茎长、总茎节数和总茎节数／总茎长大于150m处的狗牙根,分别比后者多20．3％、30．1％、11．3％;而其地下茎的总芽数／总茎长、萌芽数和萌芽率分别比后者低7．5％、34．3％、74．9％。同时,156m处狗牙根分株的株数、茎长、叶宽、叶长低于150m处的狗牙根,分别比后者少了26．2％、10．8％、19．0％、37．9％;其茎节数、茎节数／茎长、叶片数、根长较大,分别比后者增加了18．7％、34．2％、10．0％、22．6％。156m处狗牙根植株分株的鲜质量、干质量、鲜质量／总鲜质量、干质量／总干质量分别比150m处的狗牙根低32．5％、13．2％、18．2％和14．2％;其地下茎的鲜质量、干质量、鲜质量／总鲜质量、干质量／总干质量分别比后者高5．8％、17．5％、27．2％、15．2％;且前者的分株、地下茎和根的干鲜质量比均分别比后者高29．6％、12．5％和17．6％。表明,库区水位变化显著促进了150m处狗牙根地下茎茎节伸长、芽形成、芽萌发和分株的生长。因而,低位狗牙根对库区水位变化具有较强的适应能力。