溴代呋喃防污剂的合成与表征

在简述含呋喃结构的天然防污剂的基础上,根据这些防污剂的共同特点,将具有防污活性的呋喃结构与电负性溴原子结合,合成了多溴代呋喃产物,红外分析反应基本完全;抑菌环实验以及实海挂板检测表明:多溴代呋喃具有较优良的抑菌性能,使低表面能防污涂料的防污效果得到了明显提高.     

Comparative effects of indole derivatives as antifouling agents on the growth of two marine diatom species

Antifouling agents, used to prevent biofouling, need to be assessed for their impacts on marine organisms and environment before the application. Diatoms are one of the main components of fouling biofilms, which play important roles in the formation of biofouling. Particularly, diatoms are also the important ingredients of primary production and present interest as ecotoxicological models in marine environment. In this study, two benthic diatoms Nitzschia closterium f. minutissima and Navicula climacospheniae, widely distributed in fouling biofilm, were used as models for screening the activities of potential antifoulants. Nine indole derivatives were tested and CuSO₄ was used as a reference. Indole derivatives showed significant anti-algal activities and the EC₅₀ values of most indole derivatives were lower than that of CuSO₄. Halogen substituent enhanced the anti-algal activities of compounds, and the most efficient compounds for N. closterium f. minutissima were gramine and 7-chloroindole with the EC₅₀ values of 1.94 and 2.1?mg/L, while for N. climacospheniae, 7-chloroindole and 6-bromoindole were the most efficient and the EC₅₀ values were 3.91 and 4.25?mg/L, respectively. In conclusion, indole derivatives would be one of the promising candidates as antifoulants and our results strengthened the need to perform antifouling activity assays and environment-friendly evaluations.     

KFR-2特种饰面型防火涂料的热解动力学分析

利用梅特勒TA4000,25-TC15型热分析仪对KFR-2特种饰面型防火涂料和普通乳胶漆涂料进行了TG和DSC分析,研究了KFR-2特种饰面型防火涂料和普通乳胶漆涂料的降解过程.在分析动力学理论模型基础上,分析数据,确定了KFR-2特种饰面型防火涂料和普通乳胶漆涂料的热力学参数,活化能.通过分析比较得出,与普通乳胶漆相比,KFR-2特种饰面型防火涂料由于添加了阻燃成分,使活化能显著提高,热稳定性明显加强,体系耐热性能好,阻燃效果明显.     

铜纳米线导电微滤膜的制备、性质表征及应用

将适量铜纳米线（Cu-NWs）添加到常规聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）铸膜液中,通过相转化法制备Cu-NWs导电微滤膜,表征其过滤及导电性能,并将其置于膜生物反应器（MBR）中长期运行,研究其污染物去除效果及膜污染行为,可为污水处理MBR系统的低成本稳定运行提供新途径.结果表明,添加适量基于铸膜液质量的Cu-NWs,所得微滤膜的膜通量为721.9L/（m²·h）,膜面接触角为57.9°,同时,其起始电势、欧姆内阻及活化内阻分别为315.0mV、2.4Ω和6.9 Ω,均优于商用PVDF微滤膜.扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观察发现,Cu-NWs在膜面活性层交织形成了良好的导电网络.将其制作成膜组件安装于MBR系统中,兼用作阴极,COD、氨氮、TN和TP的去除率分别为91.5%、99.3%、76.3%和76.2%,高于对照MBR系统.连续运行146d,TMP始终低于25kPa,无需清洗膜组件.傅里叶变换红外光谱仪（FTIR）分析表明,膜面污染物质主要是蛋白质和多糖,膜面EPS含量远低于商用PVDF膜.所制备新型Cu-NWs导电微滤膜具有较好的稳定性、耐用性和抗污染性,应用前景广阔.     

鲨鱼表皮的微观形貌观察及其防污能力评价

用环境扫描电镜(ESEM)对鲨鱼表皮的形貌结构进行了观察,用X射线能谱(EDX)测定了鲨鱼鳞片各部位的元素组成.通过实验室内贻贝成体和硅藻的附着试验,评价了非活体状态下鲨鱼表皮的防附着作用.结果表明,非活体状态下鲨鱼表皮对贻贝成体的防污能力较弱,对微观生物硅藻的附着具有明显的抑制作用.     

添加剂F127对CPVC超滤膜性能的影响研究

文章探讨了添加剂F127的质量百分含量(5%、7%、10%和13%)对CPVC超滤膜微观结构及其性能(包括水通量、截留率、机械性能、亲水性和耐污染性能)的影响.结果表明:随着F127含量的增加,铸膜液剪切粘度增加,截留率上升,亲水性和耐污染性能大幅度提高,纯水通量和机械性能有所下降.综合比较添加剂F127含量为10%时,CPVC超滤膜性能较好.     

Bioassays and selected chemical analysis of biocide-free antifouling coatings

Over the years several types of biocide-free antifouling paints have entered the market. The prohibition of biocidal antifouling paints in special areas of some European countries such as Sweden, Denmark and Germany has favoured the introduction of these paints to the market.

Several types of biocide-free antifouling paints were subjected to bioassays and selected chemical analysis of leachate and incorporated substances. Both non-eroding coatings (silicones, fibre coats, epoxies, polyurethane, polyvinyl) and eroding coatings (SPCs, ablative) were tested to exclude the presence of active biocides and dangerous compounds. The paints were subjected to the luminescent bacteria test and the cypris larvae settlement assay, the latter delivering information on toxicity as well as on efficacy.

The following chemical analyses of selected compounds of dry-film were performed:

• leaching-rate of organotin compounds from silicones and of nonylphenol and bisphenol A from epoxy and vinyl based coatings,

• concentration and leaching rate of selected organic compounds in polyurethane,

• concentration of heavy metals in eroding coatings.

The results of the bioassays indicated that none of the coatings analysed contained leachable biocides. Nevertheless, some products contained or leached dangerous compounds. The analyses revealed leaching of nonylphenol (up to 74.7 ng/cm²/d after 48 h) and bisphenol A (up to 2.77 ng/cm²/d after 24 h) from epoxy resins used as substitutes for antifouling paints. The heavy metal, zinc, was measured in dry paint film in quantities up to 576 000 ppm in erodable coatings, not incorporated as a biocide but to control the rate of erosion. Values for TBT in silicone elutriates were mostly below the detection limit of 0.005 mg/kg. Values for DBT ranged between <0.005 and 6.28 mg/kg, deriving from catalysts used as curing agents. Some biocide-free paints contained leachable, toxic and dangerous compounds in the dry film, some of which may act as substitutes for biocides or are incorporated as plasticizers or catalysts. Implications to environmental requirements and legislation are discussed.     

防污漆中活性物质海洋环境风险评估关键技术探讨

防污漆中的活性物质对海洋生态环境和人类健康造成的潜在风险受到日益广泛的关注,一些发达国家已建立了针对活性物质海洋环境风险评估的技术体系,但我国相关研究目前尚属空白。综述了防污漆活性物质海洋环境风险评估的研究背景、相关法规、技术标准和发展现状,针对环境风险评估的2个重要组成部分(危害性评估和暴露评估)中的关键技术进行了探讨。在危害性评估中,重点分析和比较了受试生物物种的选择原则、生态毒理数据的要求以及预测无效应浓度的推导方法和应用范围;在暴露评估中,系统阐述了活性物质在水环境中释放速率的计算及修正方法、环境浓度的预测模型、现有的暴露场景及其局限性等。本文以期为我国开展防污漆活性物质海洋环境风险评估提供研究基础和科学依据,并提出了今后的研究重点和方向。     

Antifouling paints: Use on boats in San Diego Bay and a way to minimize adverse impacts

High concentrations of copper and tributyltin, two biocides used in antifouling paints, are found in harbors. Efforts are necessary to reduce the adverse impact of biocides from antifouling paints, but little is known about the actual use of such material. I surveyed the operators of 435 boats berthed in San Diego Bay, to determine what paints and maintenance procedures were being used.More than 90% of the respondents used conventional leaching paints. These paints contain 40% to 65% copper compounds and 3% to 7% tributyltin compounds. Few respondents used copolymer paints. Those who did use copolymer paints seemed to repaint less frequently than those using conventional leaching paints.Professional maintenance companies do not initiate repainting as frequently as individuals doing their own maintenance.It appears that the input of antifouling biocides to harbor waters could be reduced by at least one-third simply by educating boat-owners about the chemical mechanisms involved in antifouling paints, by explaining the environmental and economic advantages of using slow-release paints, and by encouraging them not to repaint until their paint's useful life has expired.     

Concentrations and bioaccessibilities of metals in exterior urban paints

Paint fragments have been collected from a variety of structures (e.g. walls, lamp posts, doors, railings) from the urban environment of Plymouth, UK, and concentrations of metals determined following acid digestion. Concentrations of most metals were highly variable and spanned several orders of magnitude among the samples (e.g. Pb = 4.5 to 36 900 μg g⁻¹; Cr = 1.9 to 775 μg g⁻¹; Zn = 39 to 23 500 μg g⁻¹). The bioaccessibilities of the metals were evaluated using a physiologically based extraction test that simulates the chemical conditions of the human stomach and intestine. The bioaccessibility of a given metal was highly variable among the samples and was greater in the stomach than the intestine in some cases (e.g. Cd, Pb) and greater in the intestine in others (e.g. Co, Cr). Based on total and bioaccessible concentrations in urban paints, Pb remains the metal of greatest concern from a human health perspective.