第一次全国污染源普查数据处理和分析软件关键技术最佳实践

结合第一次全国污染源普查数据采集处理和分析软件的应用过程,对第一次全国污染源普查数据采集和处理的背景、流程、技术框架和主要建设内容等进行了介绍,并对软件的成功实施和关键技术的最佳实践进行了研究,为下一次全国污染源普查提供了技术积累。     

土地督察对土地市场化的影响效果评估

为评估土地督察对土地市场化的影响,论文把目标分解为两个问题:即土地督察制度的实施是否对土地市场化程度产生影响;如果有影响,影响的效果如何。论文收集了2003—2009年的省级面板数据,基于固定效应和随机效应模型估计了土地督察对土地市场化的影响。通过相关检验,采用了固定效应模型的估计结果,并在模型估计的基础上,对影响效果进行了评价。结果表明:①土地督察对土地市场化的发展有积极的促进作用,2007—2009年专项督察覆盖度每提高1%,约能促进土地市场化程度提升0.14%,例行督察覆盖度每提高1%,约能促进土地市场化程度提升1.12%;②通过实施专项督察,2007—2009年全国土地市场化程度分别提升了2.06%、 0.19%和0.55%,通过实行例行督察,2008—2009年全国土地市场化程度分别提升5.01%和12.47%;③2007—2009年通过开展土地督察,全国土地市场化程度分别提高了2.04%、 5.21%和13.02%。     

基于空气质量监测数据的钢铁行业污染源识别方法

京津冀及周边地区等重点区域已经建立具有高时空分辨率特点的空气质量监测网,但监测数据主要用于环境空气质量评价,在大气污染来源识别中应用较少.采用特征雷达图中的双重归一化算法对区域上2018～2019年秋冬季空气质量监测数据中的SO₂、 NO₂、 CO、 PM_2.5和粗颗粒物(PM₁₀与PM_2.5的浓度差值)这5种因子进行分析,识别出偏SO₂、偏NO₂、偏CO、偏PM_2.5、偏粗颗粒物、偏SO₂-CO、偏NO₂-CO和偏PM_2.5-CO这8种典型污染特征.以偏SO₂-CO特征为例,结合污染特征时空分布、主要污染源排放特征和PM_2.5源解析,判断该特征下对空气质量影响最突出的污染源,并将该方法用于一次典型污染过程的分析.结果表明,研究时段内偏SO₂-CO特征的平均占比为7.6%.（1）偏S...     

Residual dynamics of thiacloprid in medical herbs marjoram, thyme, and camomile and in soil

Thiacloprid is a new insecticide of the chloronicotinyl family. To assess its risk after application, residual characteristics of thiacloprid in marjoram, thyme, and camomile and in soil were studied under field conditions. The active ingredient was extracted from the plant material using a mixture of acetone-water. After filtration, the extract was concentrated to the aqueous phase, diluted with water, and portioned against ethyl acetate on a matrix solid phase dispersion column. Thiacloprid was extracted from soil using a mixture of methanol-water, filtered, and re.extracted （clean up） with dichloromethane. The residues were quantified using HPLC-MS-MS. The methods were validated by recovery experiments. Thiacloprid residues in marjoram, thyme, and camomile and in soil persisted beyond 10, 14, 14, and 21 d but no residues were detected after 14, 21, 21, and 28 d, respectively. The data obtained in this study indicated that the biexponential model is more suitable than the first-order function to describe the decline of thiacloprid in fresh marjoram, fresh thyme, and dried camomile flowers with half-life （t1/2） of 1.1, 0.7, and 1.2 d, respectively. However, both the first-order function and biexponential model were found to be applicable for dissipation of thiacloprid in soil with almost the same t1/2 values of 3.5 and 3.6 d. The results indicated that thiacloprid dissipates rapidly and does not accumulate in the tested herbs and in soil.     

中国耕地资源数量变化的趋势分析与数据重建:1949～2003

由于统计方面的原因,1949年以来中国耕地资源数量变化至今尚没有一个客观的描述。针对该问题,论文对1949～2003年不同时期不同来源的耕地数据系列进行分析,认为统计数据存在问题较多的时期为1960～1985年,并采用粮食产量对耕地面积进行了分时期的反演,对于1986～1996年间的耕地数量则按照全国土地利用详查统一到1996年的结果再进行反推,由此重新刻画建国以来中国耕地资源数量变化的趋势和特征,并结合不同时段耕地相关政策对耕地数量变化的驱动作用进行分析。结果表明,1949年以来中国耕地资源数量呈现波动性变化,但在1979年之前总体上是增加的,自20世纪80年代起呈现缓慢下滑,1999年后由于生态退耕等原因引起耕地数量迅速减少,由此导致的中国粮食安全问题与耕地安全问题值得关注。在经过一段快速的大规模生态退耕时期后,中国生态退耕速度将逐步趋缓,耕地安全与粮食安全将会成为影响中国耕地数量变化的主要问题,严格的耕地保护政策势必将贯彻下去,预计2010年后中国的耕地资源数量将趋于稳定。     

Variation of soil fertility and carbon sequestration by planting Hevea brasiliensis in Hainan Island, China

The development of rubber industry depends on the sustainable management of rubber plantation. To evaluate the environmental effects of planting Hevea brasiliensis on a subsystem of tropical forest ecosystem, the variation of soil fertility and carbon sequestration under rubber plantation within 30-year life period were investigated in Hainan Island. Results showed that （1） with the increase of stand age of rubber plantation, soil fertility decreased all along. From 1954 to 1995, soil organic matter, total N, available K and available P decreased by 48.2%, 54.1%, 56.7% and 64.1%, respectively. （2） If the complete return of litters was considered without additional fertilizer application to the soil of the rubber plantations, the consumption periods for P, N, K, Mg were only 825 years, 329 years, 94 years and 65 years, respectively~ To improve soil fertility is essential for rubber plantation development. （3） The C sequestration of rubber trees per hectare accounts for 272.08 t within 30-year life period and 57.91% of them was fixed in litters. In comparison with C sequestration by rain forest （234.305 t/hm^2） and by secondary rain forest （150.203 t/hm^2）, rubber forest has more potentials for C fixation. On the base of above results, the following measures would benefit the maintenance of soil fertility and the development of rubber industry, including applying fertilizer to maintain the balance of soil nutrients, intercropping leguminous plant to improve soil fertility, reducing the collection of litters, optimizing soil properties to improve element P availability such as applying CaCO3. The information gathered from the study can be used as baseline data for the sustainable management of rubber plantation elsewhere.     

基于面板数据的我国城市水资源水环境随机前沿面分析

科学客观的评价城市水资源利用差异、明晰造成差异的原因可以为决策部门制定适宜的用水供水政策提供科学依据.收集了全国283个城市15年的市辖区城市建设用地面积、市辖区年末总人口、市辖区供水总量、市辖区年末实有城市道路面积、市辖区地区生产总值、污水排放总量.采用基于面板数据的随机前沿面模型计算主要城市的水资源利用效率和水环境压力,结果显示我国主要地级城市水资源利用效率普遍不高,平均值为0.464,低于平均值的城市有167个,占评估城市的59.01%.城市水环境压力具有普遍性,平均水环境压力为0.347,高于平均值的城市有106个,占评估城市的37.46%.发挥区域地理优势,加强区域间技术合作,因地制宜的开展诸如调整产业结构,引进先进生产技术和设备等相关提高水资源利用效率、减小水环境压力的举措,是实现水资源利用和城市可持续发展的重要途径.     

基于垂直观测数据融合的广州市臭氧污染过程分析

了解O₃污染的垂直分布对于充分理解O₃在大气中的扩散和输送具有重要意义.本研究利用最优插值法实现了高塔与激光雷达O₃观测数据的融合,并基于垂直观测融合数据对2021年10月广州市一次O₃污染过程进行分析,结果表明：(1)不同时刻的O₃浓度均大致呈现出随高度上升先升后降的变化趋势,平均相对高值主要分布在300～500 m,最高值出现在400 m附近.(2)结合边界层高度分析可知,白天的O₃生成和扩散基本均在边界层以内进行,夜间普遍存在O₃残留问题,而在污染日尤其显著,表明白天光化学反应生成的高浓度O₃是夜间残留层中O₃的来源.(3)污染期间,不同大气污染物形成了不同的垂直分层,具体表现为较高浓度的PM_2.5和NO₂在中、低层积累,而高层(约200～600 m)则维持高浓度O₃的污染垂直分布结构.推测原因在于南北气流对峙及夜间稳定...     

城市震害预测基础资料调查方法的研究

作者通过概括分析我国近几年来城市震害预测项目基础资料调查工作的开展情况，结合自身近几年参加广州等城市的震害预测调查工作实际，通过深入分析，提出了开展包括建（构）筑物和生命线工程在内的基础资料调查工作思路和系统性较强的实施方法，在一定程度上可以有效提高调查资料的准确性和数据的严谨性。     

Artificial neural network model for identifying taxi gross emitter from remote sensing data of vehicle emission

Vehicle emission has been the major source of air pollution in urban areas in the past two decades. This article proposes an artificial neural network model for identifying the taxi gross emitters based on the remote sensing data. After carrying out the field test in Guangzhou and analyzing various factors from the emission data, the artificial neural network modeling was proved to be an advisable method of identifying the gross emitters. On the basis of the principal component analysis and the selection of algorithm and architecture, the Back-Propagation neural network model with 8-17-1 architecture was established as the optimal approach for this purpose. It gave a percentage of hits of 93%. Our previous research result and the result from aggression analysis were compared, and they provided respectively the percentage of hits of 81.63% and 75%. This comparison demonstrates the potentiality and validity of the proposed method in the identification of taxi gross emitters.