Assessing the potential of crop residue recycling in China and technology options based on a bottom-up model

Crop residues are an important biomass, and are significant in the sustainable development of China. This paper uses the Grey-Markov modeling approach, the cost-benefit analysis method, and the constraint optimiza- tion method to establish the potential of crop residue recycling in China （CRRC） using a bottom-up analysis. Taking 2010 as the baseline year, the CRRC model is used to determine the quantity trends of crop residue resources, simulating the recycling potential and selecting key crop residue recycling technologies for operation between 2010 and 2030. The results illustrate that the total residue output from different crops will gradually increase to 1062 million tons in 2030. The proportion of crop residue for field burning is expected to decrease as a result of guidance and support from the government. Market mechanisms are also improving the development of the crop residue recycling industry. The economic benefit of crop residue recycling is expected to be worth 132 billion CNY in 2030 according to technology structure options. Key crop residue recycling technologies preferred such as liquefaction, amination, silo, co-firing straw power and composting will account for more than 85% of the total benefits.     

Crop adaptation processes to extreme floods in Bangladesh: a case study

This paper investigates farmers’ crop adaptation processes in response to three recent devastating floods in Islampur, a case-study area in rural Bangladesh. The paper reports a multi-method research project which comprised a questionnaire survey, focus-group discussions and interviews with agricultural block supervisors. The author analyses three recent severe floods in Bangladesh, occurring in 1988, 1995 and 1998, and reviews the adaptation techniques and strategies embraced by the same group of farmers in order to survive the more devastating inundations that occur from time to time. The study concluded that vulnerable farmers are highly resilient and, with appropriate support, their adjustments can be sustainable. This enquiry showed that in the face of climate change both the inclusion of autonomous adaptations into planning and policy-making and the enhancement and support of community-based adaptation can be effective in ensuring the survival of riverine farming systems. This case study can be considered as a key reference case in regard to vulnerable locations in the Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna mega-delta basin, particularly in respect to Bangladesh.     

Energy transformations in two tropical Oxbow lakes

The flow and pattern of energy utilization in two tropical ecosystems where polyculture of fishes was practiced were studied. The rates of organic production made by the two tropical natural aquatic systems (oxbow lakes) were studied for two annual cycles. The study of utilization of energy in two tropical lakes revealed that herbivores were more efficient in energy utilization than autotrophs. The energy available in these systems was supplied by allochthonous source. Silver carp and grass carp were found to be most efficient in conversion of energy in the grazing food chain of the lake. The efficiency of the system to fish production was found to be 0.06 (OL-I) ?0.05% (OL-II) of the total available solar radiation. Various forms of life are all accompanied by energy changes, in the studied lakes were found to form a food web.     

Allelopathy,a chance for sustainable weed management

The exploitation of crop allelopathy against weeds may be useful to reduce issues related to the use of herbicides. Several crops, such as alfalfa, barley, black mustard, buckwheat, rice, sorghum, sunflower and wheat, demonstrate strong weed suppression ability, either by exuding allelochemical compounds from living plant parts or from decomposing residues. As well as the positive effect on weed reduction, the introduction in agronomic rotations of allelopathic crops, their use as a mulch to smother crops or as a green manure may also be helpful in reduction of other agricultural problems, such as environmental pollution, use of unsafe products and human health concerns, through a reduction in chemical inputs. Knowledge of allelopathic properties of crops may also be advantageous in mitigation of soil sickness. Moreover, information on weed allelopathy may be profitable in preventing serious crop damage if the weed biomass is buried in the soil, and a crop susceptible to allellochemicals is planned for the following year. The use of allelopathic traits from crops or cultivars with important weed inhibition qualities, together with common weed control strategies, can play an important role in the establishment of sustainable agriculture.     

山东省1960—2011年参考作物蒸散量变化特征研究

为了研究山东省参考作物蒸散量（ET0）的变化特征,选取属于湿润气候的成山头站以及属于半湿润气候的惠民站、济南站、潍坊站、定陶站、兖州站6个气象站,利用国家气象资料中心提供的1960—2011年的逐日气象资料,采用距平分析、回归分析和地理信息系统分析了山东省ET0的年代际、年际和年内的时空变化趋势,并通过偏相关分析及标准化偏回归系数对各站ET0的影响因素进行研究。结果表明：半湿润区ET0年代均值大于湿润区ET0年代均值,其中济南站最大,最大值出现在20世纪70年代,达到1269.2 mm,成山头站最小,最小值也出现在20世纪70年代,为900.8 mm;6个站点中,济南站ET0值年际间的变化最大,极差达到351.9mm,定陶的极差最小,为157.8 mm。潍坊的ET0年际波动最大,标准差达到74.4 mm;定陶的年际ET0标准差达到51.4 mm,波动最小。6个站点的ET0年均值随时间呈现不同程度的降低,其中潍坊和兖州为极显著,济南和定陶为显著降低。ET0年均值在空间上的分布规律为：济南站〉潍坊站〉惠民站〉兖州站〉定陶站〉成山头站;6个站点的ET0都是夏季最高,冬季最低。春季平均ET0值中部地区最大,达到409.0 mm,东北部沿海区最小,只有237.2 mm。夏季平均ET0值的空间分布与全年平均ET0值的空间分布较为一致,只在惠民站为中心的小区域内出现降低,与周围区域有反差。秋、冬季平均ET0值在中部及东北部均较大,东北部最大,西南部及西北部较小,最小值出现在西南地区。半湿润气候的惠民站、济南站、潍坊站、定陶站、兖州站的ET0随时间的年内变化曲线为单峰型,峰值均出现在夏季6月,全年的第162天。湿润气候下成山头站的ET0随时间的年内变化曲线呈双峰型,峰值分别出现在春季5月,全年第150天以及秋季9月,全年第270天;山东省ET0与气象要素间的相关性很好,除成山头站的最低气温外,均达到极显著水平。影响山东省湿润气候和半湿润气候ET0变化的主要气象要素分别为最高气温和平均气温。     

抗除草剂转基因作物实时荧光定量PC检测

建立了一种以SYBR Green Ⅰ为结合染料、快速准确检测转抗除草剂基因成分的实时荧光定量PCR方法.以转基因大豆与转基因玉米标准品为材料,通过使用特异性引物和SYBR Green Ⅰ结合染料实时荧光定量PCR技术,对转基因农作物中外源抗除草剂基因进行了定量检测,绘制了两种基因扩增的标准曲线图,根据标准曲线方程计算外源基因含量;并作了溶解曲线、检测方法检测灵敏度和精密度的分析.研究发现,两者标准曲线方程线性关系良好.R~2 值分别达到0.993 9与0.992 4.通过已知标准品进行验证,实测值与真值接近,与实际含量的相埘偏差是6.52%和7.90%.结果表明,SYBR Green Ⅰ结合染料法完全可以用于转基因农作物定量PCR检测.图5表2参11     

淮河下游连续雾-霾及转换成因分析

利用边界层探空资料、地面气象要素及污染物资料,研究了2012年6月中上旬淮河下游一次连续多日大范围雾-霾天气的雾-霾转换过程及成因.结果表明:近地面静小风为雾-霾长时间维持提供良好动力条件,边界层中低层维持的近中性层结或逆温层结创造良好热力条件,秸秆燃烧提供凝结核条件;雾和霾过程中风速下降伴随着能见度降低,风速增大则伴随着能见度升高.中度以上霾的形成和发展都伴随着空气比湿增大,霾向雾转换过程中比湿下降.比湿越大雾-霾持续时间越长,雾前比湿越高雾中最低能见度越低.能见度与SO2浓度呈正相关( Pearson相关系数为0.42)、与PM2.5和PM10浓度呈反相关(Pearson相关系数分别为-0.49和-0.56);雾-霾过程中上风向SO2、NO2浓度高于下风向2倍左右,下风向NO和PM10浓度高于上风向1.5倍左右,出现污染物转化.     

利用CALPUFF对安徽和河南秸秆焚烧的模拟与研究

秸秆焚烧会产生大量的颗粒物(PM)、氮氧化物、有机碳、苯以及多环芳烃等污染物,不仅影响空气质量,危害人体健康,而且大大降低能见度,对交通运输构成威胁. 针对安徽和河南2009年6月严重的秸秆焚烧现象,对CALPUFF模拟系统和FEPS模型进行重新编译与整合,对空气动力学直径小于10 μm的颗粒物(PM₁₀)进行扩散模拟,得到逐时ρ(PM₁₀₎的烟羽扩散,并对模拟结果进行分析. 结果表明,秸秆焚烧过程中焚烧点附近的ρ(PM₁₀₎较大,研究区域内部分区域的日均ρ(PM₁₀₎大于我国二级标准(150 μg/m3)甚至三级标准(350 μg/m3). 如果考虑二次粒子,其影响程度会更加严重.      

Modelling radiative balance in a row-crop canopy: Row-soil surface net radiation partition

Row crops like vineyards undergo various and significant manipulations of training system and cultural practices, which strongly influence the quality of products. Variations of water vapour fluxes from the soil surface and the leaves in the row volume are closely linked to the ratio of energy available to each compartment. A physically realistic model of available energy partition between the rows and the soil surface is therefore a key factor towards optimization of such systems, and must be included in canopy models. A number of available models were not directly validated. The purpose of the study was therefore to design a model of net radiation partition and check it directly.The model of net radiation partition between rows (Rnv), considered as a whole, and intervening soil surface (Rns) of a row-crop canopy was developed from physically realistic yet simple assumptions:

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global solar (short wave) radiation partition was calculated by a previously validated geometric model;

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long-wave radiative fluxes between the soil surface, the rows and the atmosphere were calculated from the corresponding view factors, which only depended on canopy geometry;

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atmospheric radiation was estimated by a simple empirical relation based on air temperature as the only input variable;

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air temperature in the vicinity of leaves replaced leaf surface temperatures as a more convenient input variable, with little loss of information.

The input variables were incoming direct and diffuse solar radiation, soil surface mean temperature and air temperature near the leaves. The main parameters were soil and leaf albedos, row porosity and dimensions.A direct validation of the model was attempted by measuring net radiation above the canopy and at five positions above the soil surface in a vineyard of the Bordeaux area. The reliability of soil surface net radiation measurements was estimated by thorough error propagation analysis. When found significant, errors were corrected and finally soil surface net radiation data were corrected only for delay in direct downward solar radiation striking net radiometers, because canopy was discontinuous and height of net radiometers was not negligible compared to canopy height.In these conditions, model calculations were in agreement with measurements, although the model slightly underestimated Rns and therefore overestimated Rnv. As the mean error was about 20 W m⁻², and therefore compatible with instrument accuracy, the results were considered satisfactory.This available energy partition model is able to estimate radiative balance in various canopy systems and in various thermal environment conditions, leading to easier simulations of energy balance and water fluxes. It could therefore be a useful tool for optimizing row-crop canopies, taking fully into account any kind of present or future thermal environment.     

河西地区近50年参考作物蒸散量的演变趋势及其影响因素

根据河西地区17站点近50年的逐日气象资料,利用Penman-Monteith方程计算了逐日ET0,以Mann-Kendall法对各站不同季节、年ET0平均总量进行趋势检验。结果表明：武威、古浪、天祝3站年ET0呈增加趋势,其余14站均呈下降趋势,其中有9站通过显著性水平检验。春、夏、秋、冬四季酒泉地区和张掖地区各站ET0值均呈下降趋势,武威地区各站变化趋势不一致,且前者ET0值下降趋势总体较后者明显。典型站点ET0与气候要素多元线形回归分析表明：风速是不同季节、不同站点影响ET0变化的首要因子。其次,最高温度、相对湿度、日照时数也是影响年ET0及各站点不同季节ET0变化的主要因子。