Dynamics of Organic Carbon and Microbial Biomass in Alluvial Soil With Tillage and Amendments in Rice-wheat Systems

Rice-wheat cropping systems of the Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP) occupying 12 million ha of productive land are important for the food security of South Asia. There are, however, concerns that yield and factor productivity trends in these systems are declining/stagnating in recent years. Decrease in soil organic carbon is often suggested as a reason for such trends. A field experiment was conducted to study the soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) dynamics in the rice-wheat systems. Use of organic amendments and puddling of soil before rice transplanting increased SOC and MBC contents. Microbial biomass carbon showed a seasonal pattern. It was low initially, reached its peak during the flowering stages in both rice and wheat and declined thereafter. Microbial biomass carbon was linearly related to SOC in both rice and wheat indicating that SOC could be used as a proxy for MBC.     

Status and circulation characteristics of soil water in dryland field of southeast Shanxi Province

１ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅｓｏｕｔｈｅａｓｔａｒｅａｓｏｆＳｈａｎｘｉＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅｓｔａｎｄｉｎｔｈｅｓｏｕｔｈｅａｓｔｏｆｔｈｅＬｏｅｓＰｌａｔｅａｕａｎｄｈａｖｅａｖａｒｉｅｄｔｏｐｏｇｒａｐｈｙ．Ｔｈｅｓｏｉｌｏｆｔｈｅｓｅａｒｅａｓ...     

辽西褐土施肥及养分循环再利用中长期试验 Ⅱ. 土壤养分收支

持续10a的田间试验结果表明,在保持农业系统养分循环再利用的基础上,根据土壤养分供给力设计化肥施用量,可以在实现作物高产的同时,平衡土壤养分收支,从而避免土壤中肥料养分（主要是氮）过剩而进入环境。     

我国主要农作物转基因逃逸生态风险的初步评价

转基因逃逸是伴随着工程作物释放的一种风险。本文首先分析了转基因逃逸的途径,并讨论了影响转基因逃逸的因素,对我国主要农作物中逃逸风险进行了初步评价,一些农作物中存在较大的转基因逃逸风险,最后探讨了避免和减小逃逸风险的措施。     

Methane emissions from ricefields as affected by organic amendment, water regime, crop establishment, and rice cultivar

Methane fluxes from Beijing ricefields as affected by organic amendment, water regime, crop establishment method, and rice cultivar were measured with a closed chamber method in 1990, 1991, 1995, and 1996. Total fluxes from plots receiving high organic amendment always exceeded those from the low-input plots. Compared with continuous flooding, intermittent irrigation (there were a few days of no standing water between two irrigations) and constant moisture (the field had no standing water, but remained saturated) reduced methane emission rate by 25.4 and 58.4%, respectively. Methane flux from a dry-seeded rice field was 75.2% lower than from a transplanted ricefield although both dry-seeded rice plots and transplanted ricefields were initially flooded at the same time. Rice cultivars differed in methane emission rates by 9.0–55.7%. Emission rates were positively correlated with aboveground dry matter production and root weight, but not grain yield. Intermittent irrigation and rice cultivar seem to be the most promising methods for mitigating methane emission from ricefields; they do not affect rice yield and are easily implemented at the farm level.     

Mechanistic understanding of human–wildlife conflict through a novel application of dynamic occupancy models

Crop and livestock depredation by wildlife is a primary driver of human–wildlife conflict, a problem that threatens the coexistence of people and wildlife globally. Understanding mechanisms that underlie depredation patterns holds the key to mitigating conflicts across time and space. However, most studies do not consider imperfect detection and reporting of conflicts, which may lead to incorrect inference regarding its spatiotemporal drivers. We applied dynamic occupancy models to elephant crop depredation data from India between 2005 and 2011 to estimate crop depredation occurrence and model its underlying dynamics as a function of spatiotemporal covariates while accounting for imperfect detection of conflicts. The probability of detecting conflicts was consistently <1.0 and was negatively influenced by distance to roads and elevation gradient, averaging 0.08–0.56 across primary periods (distinct agricultural seasons within each year). The probability of crop depredation occurrence ranged from 0.29 (SE 0.09) to 0.96 (SE 0.04). The probability that sites raided by elephants in primary period t would not be raided in primary period t + 1 varied with elevation gradient in different seasons and was influenced negatively by mean rainfall and village density and positively by distance to forests. Negative effects of rainfall variation and distance to forests best explained variation in the probability that sites not raided by elephants in primary period t would be raided in primary period t + 1. With our novel application of occupancy models, we teased apart the spatiotemporal drivers of conflicts from factors that influence how they are observed, thereby allowing more reliable inference on mechanisms underlying observed conflict patterns. We found that factors associated with increased crop accessibility and availability (e.g., distance to forests and rainfall patterns) were key drivers of elephant crop depredation dynamics. Such an understanding is essential for rigorous prediction of future conflicts, a critical requirement for effective conflict management in the context of increasing human–wildlife interactions.     

广西坡耕地主要经济作物施肥与养分径流流失初探

为研究广西坡耕地主要经济作物甘蔗、玉米和花生农民常规施肥及不施肥处理对植株生长情况、经济产量及养分径流流失的影响,探寻提高广西经济作物经济效益、减少成本、减少环境污染的最佳施肥量,在坡耕地,观测降雨过程的养分径流流失,运用SPSS统计分析软件对试验数据进行分析,寻找成本低、效益高的种植方法。结果表明,对照与常规施肥相比,甘蔗、玉米、花生作物的生长情况差异不明显。对照处理的玉米经济产量、生物产量、淀粉含量分别为851．42kg·667m-2 3640．4kg·667m-2．68．40％;比玉米（常规施肥）高100．62kg·667m-2．485．98kg·667m-2 7．5％;花生对照的粗脂肪比其常规施肥高了45g·kg-1;径流养分总氮、总磷、总钾、硝态氮、铵态氮径流流失总量最高的均是花生常规施肥,其次是甘蔗对照,最少的玉米对照。径流量与总氮、总磷、总钾、硝态氮、铵态氮的相关系数,常规施肥处理偏高于对照。玉米对照的养分径流流失总量最少;花生常规施肥养分径流率最大;玉米比花生更适合在广西肥沃的坡耕地中种植。     

Effects of Alternative Cotton Agriculture on Avian and Arthropod Populations

Abstract:  Among the major agricultural crops in the southeastern United States, cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) generally provides the least suitable habitat for most early successional songbirds. Newer cropping approaches, such as use of conservation tillage and stripcover cropping, offer hope for improving the ecological value of cotton fields. We examined the effects of clover stripcover cropping with conservation tillage versus conventionally grown cotton with either conventional or conservation tillage on avian and arthropod species composition and field use in east-central Georgia. Stripcover fields had higher bird densities and biomass and higher relative abundance of arthropods than both conservation tillage and conventional fields. During migration and breeding periods, total bird densities on stripcover fields were 2–6 times and 7–20 times greater than on conservation and conventional fields, respectively. Abundance and biomass for epigeal arthropods were also greatest on stripcover fields during much of the breeding season. Although the clover treatment attracted the highest avian and arthropod densities, conservation fields still provided more wildlife and agronomic benefits than conventional management. Our findings suggest that both conservation tillage and stripcropping systems will improve conditions for birds in cotton, with stripcropped fields providing superior habitat. The reduction of inputs possible with the clover system could allow farmers to lower costs associated with conventional cotton production by $282–317/ha. This reduction of input, coupled with similar or possibly increased yield over conventional systems makes stripcover cropping not only a good choice for reducing negative impacts on wildlife and surrounding ecosystems, but also an economically desirable one.     

我国典型电子废弃物拆解地农田土壤中的多溴联苯醚

选择我国主要电子垃圾拆解地清远龙塘-石角地区作为研究区,以14种多溴联苯醚(Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers,PBDEs)化合物为研究对象,探讨了PBDEs化合物在龙塘-石角地区农田土壤中的含量、同系物组成及空间分布状况,分析了土壤TOC、土地利用方式(水旱轮作)等对农田土壤PBDEs含量特征的影响.结果表明,清远龙塘-石角地区农田土壤中14种PBDEs化合物的总量平均为(19.0±20.1)ng·g-1(以干重计),明显低于来自路边、拆解中心、居民区等表土中的PBDEs含量.研究区农田土壤中PBDEs的空间分布与土壤TOC呈现出一致性特征,当去除TOC的影响后,作为点源的电子垃圾拆解地成为土壤PBDEs分布的关键控制因素.水旱轮作的土地利用方式下,在一个轮作周期内,当轮作为水稻且土壤处于淹水状态时土壤中的PBDEs含量最低.总体来看,农田土壤中的PBDEs动态受土壤水含量、作物种植情况、土壤水旱状态等多因素的综合影响,表现出不确定的变化特征.本文的研究成果对土壤-作物系统PBDEs的行为研究进行了补充,并可为完善现有的土地质量评估体系提供基础资料.