有限供水条件下农田灌溉时量优化——以河北省运东地区为例

本文探讨了灌溉水源限定条件下,农田灌溉时量优化计算方法,并以河北省运东地区3种主要作物为例进行了系统演算。从计算结果及其分析看,时量优化的经济效益明显,时量优化模型作为一种计算方法亦具有一定的实用意义。     

土壤磷素解吸模型及其特征值的作物效应

土壤有效磷数量和强度及其缓冲系数是评价土壤磷素供应能力的重要指标。通过解吸实验、盆栽和田间试验研究土壤磷解吸特性及其与供试蔬菜的效应。38个磷素解吸实验表明,土壤镉解吸模型的修正式能很好地模拟土壤磷素解吸动态特征,有32个回归模型达到显著水平。土壤磷解吸模型可同时求得表征土壤磷有效性的磷可解吸数量Q和土壤溶液初始磷浓度Cli及其缓冲系数b。盆栽试验表明,土壤磷解吸特征值Q和Cli与空心菜(Iponoea aqatica)和菜心(Brassica parachinensis)吸P量有显著水平的抛物线型关系,且与土壤类型无关。田间试验表明,Q值与供试蔬菜鲜重产量亦有显著水平的抛物线型关系,可求得试验条件下空心菜和莴苣(Lactuca sativa)磷肥施用的Q值临界指标分别为11mg/kg和13mg/kg。解吸模型研究为评价土壤磷素有效性提供了一种新方法。     

植物生物技术在黑麦草遗传改良中的应用

黑麦草是重要的牧草和草坪草,是畜牧业和草坪业重要的产业支柱.由于高度自交不亲和,传统遗传改良困难而复杂.生物技术尤其是转基因技术为其遗传改良带来希望.本文概述了组织培养技术、基因遗传转化技术、分子标记及数量性状基因定位、分子标记辅助育种等技术在黑麦草遗传改良中的应用及获得的成果;评述了遗传改良的重要意义,以及黑麦草遗传改良的主要目标,如品质改良、提高病害抗性、降低毒性生物碱浓度、控制花粉致敏性、抗除草剂品种的培育、提高抗逆性及其作为生物反应器的潜在应用价值等;并分析了功能基因组学的研究及RNA干扰技术在黑麦草研究中可能的应用前景.     

作物根系对干旱胁迫逆境的适应性研究进展

主要就作物根系的形态性状、根系提水作用、生理代谢、根系细胞壁蛋白及其生长性能与干旱胁迫间的关系作了综述;指出应加强对干旱逆境下根系发育及根系生长性状变化上的遗传机理研究。     

Land cover types and ecological conditions of the Estonian coast

Detailed analysis of the land cover of the Estonian coastal zone is presented based on Estonian laws on coastal zone management, the CORINE Land Cover (CLC) system, the status of protected areas, and administrative division data of Estonia. By law the coastal zone is defined as a 200-m wide zone landward from the mean sea level line. The length of the Estonian coastline (including the islands) is 3794 km. The 200-m zone of the Estonian coast is very diverse. Out of the 34 CORINE land cover types represented in Estonia 30 are found in the coastal zone. Three dominating land cover types in the coastal zone of Estonia are inland marshes, coniferous forest and semi-natural grassland. Their total share is 47%; the other 27 land cover types represented here cover 53% of the coastal zone. The Estonian coastal zone is generally in a good natural condition. The proportion of artificial surfaces throughout the zone is merely 4.7%, while agricultural landscapes cover only ca. 10%. Land cover data for the coastal zone are also presented by county. Of the 200-m coastal zone 24% is under protection, which is more than twice the value for Estonia as a whole (11%). Legislative protection of the coastal zone is presently satisfactory. The use of the CORINE Land Cover system enables comparisons with other European regions since CLC data have been compiled for most of Europe.     

土壤施加垃圾堆肥的允许负荷量

利用城市生活垃圾堆肥进行生菜、青菜、小麦三种作物的盆栽试验，并根据作物中金属元素Ｃｄ、Ｃｕ、Ｃｒ、Ｐｂ、Ａｓ的含量，探讨了三种土壤施加垃圾堆肥的效果及允许负荷量，结果表明：土壤消纳垃圾肥的潜力很大，但不同土壤类型对垃圾肥的负荷量有明显差异。     

抗除草剂转基因作物基因流及其安全性评估方法的探讨

针对目前抗除草剂转基因作物基因流及其安全性评估方法存在的问题,提出了以亲和性为依据的抗性基因流的评估方法;同时以时间关系序列、空间关系序列和种群数量关系序列为原则,探讨了近缘种选择的标准。     

典型喀斯特地区参考作物蒸散量的时空变化分析——以贵州省为例

喀斯特地区地表地下的二元储水结构导致地表水渗漏严重,而土被浅薄且分布不连续,土壤蓄水量不足,易导致作物出现缺水。以贵州省为例,基于FAO-56 Penman-Monteith公式和气象资料,估算了贵州省1961~2014年参考作物蒸散量ET_O,在此基础上运用反距离权重插值法对贵州省ET_O进行空间插值,分析了贵州省ET_O的时空变化特征,并用多元回归分析方法探讨了影响贵州省ET_O的主要因素。结果表明:贵州省西部地区的ET_O高于中、东部地区;1年之中ET_O主要集中于夏季和春季,冬季最少;60年代的ET_O高于多年平均值,70年代之后逐渐降低,90年代达到最低值,2000年以来ET_O急剧升高;从年际变化看,贵州省年平均ET_O总体呈波动上升趋势,1961~2002年持续降低,2003年以后显著升高;年际变化中秋季ET_O变化最大,其次为春季、夏季,冬季变化最小;影响贵州省ET_O的主导气象因素是日照时数,两者呈显著的正相关,地理纬度与ET_O存在明显的负相关。贵州省ET_O的时空特征研究及其影响因素分析将为其他喀斯特地区的农业发展和水资源合理配置提供科学依据。     

牡丹江市生态环境质量分析

运用RS/GIS(遥感)技术、GPS技术与实地监测相结合的方法,以环境统计数据为基础,对牡丹江市生态环境质量状况进行评价分析。     

Effect of long-term application of corn stalks and inorganic fertilizers on fluorescence characteristics of water extractable organic matter in a meadow black soil of northeast China

ABSTRACT

Returning crop residues into fields, either alone or in combination with inorganic fertilizer, is considered as a practical way to enhance soil fertility. However, information concerning the effects of crop residues and inorganic fertilizer application on water extractable organic matter (WEOM) in soil is scarce. The aim of this study was to examine the 10-year effect of corn residue (CR) return with or without the application of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilizer on the quantity and quality of WEOM in a black soil of northeast China by means of ultraviolet absorbance, fluorescence excitation--emission matrix, and derived spectroscopic indices. The application of NPK fertilizers and CR, alone or together, increased the content of total soil organic carbon (SOC), water extractable organic carbon (WEOC), and ratio of WEOC/SOC, with the sequence being NPK + CR > CR > NPK > CK. Compared with control treatment, the individual application of NPK fertilizer decreased the aromaticity of WEOM. In contrast, elevated proportion of tryptophan-like fluorophore and microbially derived fulvic acid-like components with low molecular weight was detected in the WEOM. The amendment with CR alone resulted in increase in aromaticity of WEOM and proportion of plant-derived humic acid-like component with large molecular weight, accompanied by reduced proportion of tyrosine-like compounds. For the soil with CR restoration, the application of NPK fertilizer increased aromaticity of WEOM, and large molecular weight fulvic acid-like and humic acid-like compounds were found. However, the proportions of tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like compounds were diminished. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of WEOM using fluorescence spectroscopy describes responses to be observed in long-term different fertilization strategies.