镉污染土壤对潜在能源植物生长的影响

利用重金属污染土壤种植能源植物是一种同时解决环境问题和能源问题的新理念,但目前相关研究成果并不多。通过盆栽试验研究人工镉污染土壤中象草Pennisetumpurpureum和亚香茅Cymbopogonnardus两种植物植株的生长状况和两种植物对土壤镉的吸收和富集能力。结果表明,当外源可溶性镉加入到土壤后,其主要是以生物有效性较高的状态存在。土壤镉对象草和亚香茅生长的影响作用有很大的不同,亚香茅比象草具有更强的镉耐受力,其生物量受镉污染影响小。两种植物植株镉含量均随土壤镉添加量的增加而增加。除高镉处理象草外,植物地下部分含镉量比地上部分高很多。高镉处理象草地下部分含镉量比地上部分低的现象可能反映出根系已积累了太多的镉,因而加速了向地上部的转移,从而加剧了植物中毒的程度。赤泥添加剂具有降低土壤酸度,减少植物对镉的吸收和增加象草和亚香茅生物量的作用。     

农作物秸秆综合利用的研究进展综述

通过对农作物秸秆的研究现状、处理方法及综合应用情况进行综述,归纳出了目前农作物秸秆综合利用领域、主要处理方法及需要突破的关键技术.明确了突破农作物秸秆外表面物质结构实现完全降解和完成内部纤维素、半纤维素等高分子化合物降解转化是综合利用农作物秸秆研究的重点和难点.同时指出了解决农作物秸秆综合利用的技术层面、法律层面和人文认知理念等方面的发展趋势,为高效利用农作物秸秆及开展关键技术攻关提供参考.     

A strategy for wildlife management in depopulating rural areas of Japan

Former ranges of wild animals have been reestablished in many developed countries. However, this reestablishment has led to increasing human–wildlife conflict in agroforest ecosystems. In Japan, human–wildlife conflict, such as crop raiding by and ecological impacts of wild ungulates and primates, is a serious problem in depopulated rural areas due to these animal range expansions and increased abundances. Japan's human population is predicted to decline by 24% by 2050, and approximately 20% of agricultural settlements will become completely depopulated. In this scenario, anthropogenic pressures on wildlife (e.g., hunting and habitat alteration) will continue to decrease and human–wildlife conflict will increase due to increasing wildlife recovery. Japan's local governments plan to slow range recovery, prevent species reestablishment, or remove recolonizing large mammals through lethal control. This strategy, however, is not cost-effective, and workforce shortages in depopulated communities make it infeasible. Moreover, the suppression of wildlife prevents the recovery of ecological functions and thus would degrade regional biodiversity. The declining pressure on wildlife that accompanies human depopulation will prevent the restoration of any past states of human–wildlife interaction. We suggest human-used areas in rural landscapes be aggregated in compact cities and that in transition zones between human settlements and depopulated lands that land-sharing approaches be applied. Concentrating management efforts in compact cities may effectively decrease human–wildlife conflict, rather than intensifying human pressures. Reforestation of depopulated lands may lead to recovery of wildlife habitats, their ecosystem functions, and regional biodiversity due to minimization of negative anthropogenic effects (land-sparing approach). Balancing resolution of human–wildlife conflict and ecological rewilding could become a new, challenging task for regional wildlife managers.     

成都平原氮磷化肥施用强度空间分布及影响因素分析

掌握化肥施用强度的空间分布及影响因素,对施肥的精准管理和污染防控意义重大.以往研究多限于人为因素的探讨而缺乏自然地理因素对化肥施用强度空间分布的影响分析.基于成都平原23 492个点位的化肥调研数据,结合地统计学方法和地理信息系统(GIS)技术,探究该区域2010～2015年均氮和磷化肥施用强度的空间分布特征及影响因素...     

中国粮食作物产量和木本植物生物量与地表臭氧污染的响应关系

当前我国地表臭氧（O₃）污染日趋严重,对植物生产力构成了严重威胁.本文综述了粮食作物产量和木本植物生物量与O₃暴露水平指标M7（7 h平均O₃浓度,09：00~16：00）、SUM06（每小时O₃浓度大于60 nmol·mol^-1的累积值）、W126（每小时O₃浓度在特定时段内用Sigmoidal函数加权求和值）、POD_Y［每小时气孔O₃通量高于阈值Y nmol·（m²·s）^-1的累积吸收通量］和最常用的AOT40（每小时O₃浓度超过40 nmol·mol^-1部分的累积值）之间的响应关系,并计算了相应的损伤阈值.基于AOT40的结果表明,导致水稻、冬小麦、玉米和大豆产量下降5%的O₃风险阈值分别为5.93、2.69、8.67和4.17 μmol·mol^-1·h,说明我国玉米对O₃的耐受性可能要高于其它3种作物;对于木本植物,杨树5个品种的熏蒸实验和17种木本植物的整合分析的结果显示,导致其总生物量减少5%的O₃风险阈值分别为12.20 μmol·mol^-1·h和10.87 μmol·mol^-1·h.此外,提出了未来相关研究应关注建立植物其它重要参数与O₃污染的响应关系与提高O₃区域风险评估精度,同时需要重点考虑如何将影响植物O₃敏感性的重要因子（如土壤氮素和树龄等）耦合到区域评估模型中.     

甘肃省陇东塬区土壤及农作物中微量元素的分布特征

通过测定甘肃省陇东塬区马岭、西峰和华庆油田区土壤以及小麦、苹果、油菜中Cu、Ni、Cd、Pb、Cr、Zn等6种微量金属元素质量分数,研究塬区土壤中微量元素的空间分布特征及其在植物体内的转移、富集能力.结果表明:塬区土壤中w(Zn)明显高于其他5种元素,其平均值达111.64 mg/kg;w(Cd)最小,在1.64～3.38 mg/kg之间;其余4种元素(Cr、Pb、Ni、Cu)质量分数在20～70 mg/kg之间.当地主要农作物对土壤中微量元素的富集系数均小于1,富集能力一般,其中根部的富集能力相对较大,地上部位均较小.      

再生塑料粉煤灰复合材料井盖

将废塑料、粉煤灰、农作物秸杆等固体废弃物通过自主创新技术成功地制备了市政工程制品：井盖、井箅等。具有抗压、抗冲击性能优良;成本低;环境友好;美观;安全等特性。     

农用地土壤-作物系统对畜禽粪便养分消纳能力的评价

从土壤对养分消纳能力和作物养分需求角度出发,利用空间分析和地统计学方法,以北京市大兴区为例,进行了以地块为单元的农用地土壤-作物系统对畜禽粪便养分消纳能力评价.结果表明,大兴区农用地土壤-作物系统对畜禽粪便养分消纳能力整体一般,81.65%的农用地处于中下水平.除了因为大兴区的土壤保肥吸收能力整体不强外,还与大兴区的种植结构与种植面积有关,特别是高肥力的耕地与设施农业用地占地比例较小.     

氧化塘底泥对作物生长影响的研究

本文通过农田试验 ,得出氧化塘底泥可以改良土壤结构、增加有机质含量、微生物数量、提高作物产量的结论。因此 ,底泥可以作为一种有机肥应用于农业。     

Treated wastewater irrigation effect on soil, crop and environment： Wastewater recycling in the loess area of China

A study was carried out at the Loess Plateau in Dongzhi,China,to test the feasibility of using secondary treatment sewage effluent and to determine whether the water quality would then meet the recommended irrigation norm.Seven crops,including celery,wheat, maize,millet,apples,rapeseed and yellow beans,were tested in the study.Physical and chemical properties of the soil,crop yield and quality and leachate at different soil depths were measured.In most cases,the quality of the crops that made use of treated sewage was not distinctively different from those that did not use treated sewage.However,yields for the former were much higher than they were for the latter.Leachates at different soil depths were analyzed and the results did not show alarming levels of constituents.For a period of approximately 14 months,the treated sewage irrigation had no significant effect on the loess soil and no cases of illness resulting from contact with the treated sewage were reported.With treated sewage irrigation,a slight increase in the organic content of the soil was observed.