西安市PM2.5中水溶性离子的季节变化特征

为探究西安市大气PM_2.5中水溶性离子的污染特征及来源,本研究采集2017～2018年的PM_2.5样品,利用离子色谱仪测定9种水溶性离子(SO^2-₄、NO^-₃、Cl^-、F^-、Na⁺、Mg²⁺、NH⁺₄、K⁺和Ca²⁺)的浓度水平,并对NH⁺₄的存在形式分析、氮氧化率(NOR)、硫氧化率(SOR)以及[NO^-₃]/[SO^2-₄]等进行探究.结果表明,西安市PM_2.5中水溶性离子主要来自扬尘、燃煤、生物质燃烧和二次生成.Ca²⁺、SO^2-₄、NH⁺<...     

激冷水合改性镁渣脱硫剂性能实验

为了达到以废治废的目的,对镁冶炼产生的废弃物-镁还原渣通过激冷水合方式制备脱硫剂进行研究。采用XRD获得不同激冷条件下样品的物质组成,通过SEM研究炽热镁渣激冷样品的表观形貌。通过实验室激冷水合实验研究不同水合参数对水合反应以及脱硫性能的影响。对比现场炽热镁渣激冷水合与实验室激冷水合活化方式下水合样品的脱硫性能。结果表明：镁渣激冷后的主要成分为β-C2S,且表面变得粗糙多孔;脱硫钙转化率与水合反应程度间存在抛物线关系;当激冷温度为950℃,水合温度为50℃,实验室炽热镁渣激冷水合反应所制备的脱硫剂在水合时间为6 h时,钙转化率最高,为14.1%,而水合时间为8 h时,水合反应程度最大,为0.16 g·g-1;与实验室炽热镁渣激冷水合样品和自然冷却水合样品相比,现场炽热镁渣激冷水合样品的钙转化率最高,达30.33%。     

SBR单级自养脱氮系统氮素转化途径

利用氮素计量关系和批式实验研究了SBR系统中基于短程硝化的单级自养脱氮特性和脱氮途径。结果表明,SBR系统获得良好脱氮效果,TN最高去除负荷和去除速率分别达0.49 kg N/(m3·d)和0.20 kg N/(kg VSS·d);系统中82%的氨氮转化成气体脱除,10%的氨氮转化成硝酸盐氮。批式实验结果表明,SBR系统中的污泥同时具有厌氧氨氧化、亚硝酸盐氧化和自养反硝化活性,三者的反应速率分别为0.12 kg NH4+-N/(kg VSS·d)、0.04 kg NO2--N/(kg VSS·d)和0.03 kg NO2--N/(kg VSS·d)。综上,SBR系统中氮的脱除是短程硝化、厌氧氨氧化和反硝化共同作用的结果,产生的硝酸盐是厌氧氨氧化和硝化作用所致。     

Patterns of bird abundance along the agricultural gradient of the Pampean region

Bird and land-use surveys were conducted along the agricultural gradient covering from pure croplands through mixed-farming to pure pastoral-farming scenario in the Pampean region of Argentina. Simple regression analyses were performed to analyse the responses of bird abundance to the percentage of land devoted to crop-production. The specific variables associated to bird abundance within both the crop and pastoral-farming landscapes were identified by running redundancy analyses (RDA). The abundance of 20 out of 43 species (47%) was significantly related to the percentage of cropland, finding negative (65%), positive (25%) unimodal (5%) and bimodal (5%) responses of birds to increasing intensity of crop production. The results showed three types of negative and two types of positive responses of bird abundance to the agricultural gradient. RDA revealed the importance of crop-field types in the crop-production scenario and of cattle presence and grass height in the pastoral-farming scenario for the structuring of the grassland bird community. As most species were negatively affected by crop production, the current land-use homogenisation towards high-intensity croplands will most likely result in population decline of many birds in the region.     

Conversion of organic carbon in the decomposable organic wastes in anaerobic lysimeters under different temperatures

The quantitative fractions of conversion of organic carbon in the decomposable organic wastes with initial moisture of 70% sorted from municipal solid wastes(MSW)in lysimeters into biogas,leachate and solid residue were characterized,under temperatures of 25,30 and 41℃,respectively,and circulation of leachate generated within the lysimeters.It is found that 27% of organic carbon in the wastes are conversed into gases,0.8% into leachate,and the other 72% remained in the decomposable solid residues,after 180 days‘ degradation at 41℃. Higher temperature will lead to monr rapid degradation and result to higher conversion of the organic carbon to biogas and lower to boty solid residues and leachate,while the pollutant concentrations in leachate will be lower at a higher temperature and values of COD are quite consistent with TOC.     

Conversion of organic carbon in the decomposable organic wastes in anaerobic lysimeters under different temperatures

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Estimating the Effect of Protected Lands on the Development and Conservation of Their Surroundings

Abstract:  The fate of private lands is widely seen as key to the fate of biodiversity in much of the world. Organizations that work to protect biodiversity on private lands often hope that conservation actions on one piece of land will leverage the actions of surrounding landowners. Few researchers have, however, examined whether protected lands do in fact encourage land conservation nearby or how protected lands affect development in the surrounding landscape. Using spatiotemporal data sets on land cover and land protection for three sites (western North Carolina, central Massachusetts, and central Arizona), we examined whether the existence of a protected area correlates with an increased rate of nearby land conservation or a decreased rate of nearby land development. At all sites, newly protected conservation areas tended to cluster close to preexisting protected areas. This may imply that the geography of contemporary conservation actions is influenced by past decisions on land protection, often made for reasons far removed from concerns about biodiversity. On the other hand, we found no evidence that proximity to protected areas correlates with a reduced rate of nearby land development. Indeed, on two of our three sites the development rate was significantly greater in regions with more protected land. This suggests that each conservation action should be justified and valued largely for what is protected on the targeted land, without much hope of broader conservation leverage effects.     

气相化学反应中的云盖效应

本文在ＣＢＭ－Ｉ机理的基础上考虑了ＯＨ和ＨＯ２自由基对ＳＯ２的氧化作用和云对光解率的影响，定量研究了气相色化学反应中的云盖效应。结果表明，云的存在将改变整个反应体系的平衡，气态物对云的响应是非线的。     

中国东南沿海风能资源评价

本文选取322个气象台站(自记158个,非自记174个)10年(1971—1980)风速资料统计计算了3.5—20.4m/s有效风速出现的小时数,年(月)风能和风能密度,风速、风能变化规律;绘制了年有效风能和有效风速频率分布图,进而按风能资源分布规律做出风能区划及风能的高度变化。其次,结合实际风能资料,阐明风能与风力机输出能量转换关系,从而测算出该地区农田灌溉和风力发电的风能资源利用转换值。最后,根据当地实际风能资源、环境、地形及地下水位高低,为选择合理的设计风速或引进适合当地的风力机以及解决当地部分能源提供合理化建议和对该区发展风力机的前景提出了看法。实践证明具有一定的实际应用价值。     

Experimental and numerical analysis of a helical coil solar cavity receiver: Thermal oil as the heat transfer fluid

The paper presents the novel design of double glazing helical coil solar cavity receiver for solar thermal applications. Performance model has been developed for the experimental setup based on energy balance equations. The results obtained were compared with horizontal tube receiver for the same experimental setup. The result shows that the 87.96% improvement in the convective heat transfer coefficient for the double glazing helical coil solar cavity receiver. Maximum conversion efficiency achieved is 21% more than that would be obtained for horizontal tube receiver. This paper also investigates how the quality of vacuum degraded with the temperature of the glass cover.