江苏省能源可持续发展模式初探

针对目前江苏省能源可持续发展面临的挑战,以保障江苏能源综合供需平衡和实现能源 经济 环境协调发展为目标,以调整能源结构、优化能源供给体系、提高能源转化效率和清洁性为立足点,以充分利用省内不同区位的能源发展优势为主线,因地制宜地提炼出江苏省能源可持续发展的基本模式,包括自有资源优化开发模式和外部资源导入开发模式两大类型。其中,自有资源优化开发模式又可分为徐州煤炭工业综合体、苏北石油工业基地和沿海滩涂型可再生能源基地3种子模式;外部资源导入开发模式可分为沿江电力生产基地、苏南电力负荷中心和沿海临港型能源基地3种子模式。各种模式协同发展,有利于增强江苏省的能源可持续发展能力.     

Inhalation dose assessment of indoor radon progeny using biokinetic and dosimetric modeling and its application to Jordanian population

High indoor radon concentrations in Jordan result in internal exposures of the residents due to the inhalation of radon and its short-lived progeny. It is therefore important to quantify the annual effective dose and further the radiation risk to the radon exposure. This study describes the methodology and the biokinetic and dosimetric models used for calculation of the inhalation doses exposed to radon progeny. The regional depositions of aerosol particles in the human respiratory tract were firstly calculated. For the attached progeny, the activity median aerodynamic diameters of 50 nm, 230 nm and 2500 nm were chosen to represent the nucleation, accumulation and coarse modes of the aerosol particles, respectively. For the unattached progeny, the activity median thermodynamic diameter of 1 nm was chosen to represent the free progeny nuclide in the room air. The biokinetic models developed by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) were used to calculate the nuclear transformations of radon progeny in the human body, and then the dosimetric model was applied to estimate the organ equivalent doses and the effective doses with the specific effective energies derived from the mathematical anthropomorphic phantoms. The dose conversion coefficient estimated in this study was 15 mSv WLM⁻¹ which was in the range of the values of 6-20 mSv WLM⁻¹ reported by other investigators. Implementing the average indoor radon concentration in Jordan, the annual effective doses were calculated to be 4.1 mSv y⁻¹ and 0.08 mSv y⁻¹ due to the inhalation of radon progeny and radon gas, respectively. The total annual effective dose estimated for Jordanian population was 4.2 mSv y⁻¹. This high annual effective dose calculated by the dosimetric approach using ICRP biokinetic and dosimetric models resulted in an increase of a factor of two in comparison to the value by epidemiological study. This phenomenon was presented by the ICRP in its new published statement on radon.     

农地城市流转中农民集体福利均衡分析

农地城市流转中不同利益集团的福利状况韭已成为学者和政策制定者关注的焦点.农民集体作为影响最为深刻的利益集团之一,其福利在农地城市流转中能否实现以及如何实现均衡成为本文研究的核心内容.本文首先介绍了农民集体福利的概念及其测度方法,然后论述福利均衡的概念,提出农民集体福利均衡分析的三个假设,在此基础上,对农地城市流转中的农民集体福利进行分析,提出实现农民集体福利均衡的条件,结果表明农地城市流转中农民集体福利均衡的必要条件为农民集体获得的经济补偿大于或等于其福利损失.然后通过比较分析发现当前土地征收中农民集体获得的福利补偿不能弥补其福利损失,农地城市流转前后农民集体福利呈现不均衡状态.最后提出农地城市流转中要尊重农民集体的土地产权,进一步提高农地征收的补偿标准,使农民集体获得的货币补偿能够弥补其由于土地财产损失造成的福利损失,以实现农民集体福利的均衡;政府应当通过改善农村交通、通讯、电力、饮水、居住等条件,完善农村社会保障体系等措施提高农民集体的福利水平,以弥补农民集体土地发展权受限造成的二次福利损失.     

市场失灵、非市场价值与农地非农化过度性损失

农地资源不仅具有经济生产功能,还具有大气调节、涵养水源、保持土壤成分、休闲娱乐等多种生态功能,而在非农化过程中这些功能在市场中没有以价格的形式体现出来,没有包含在农地的现实价值中。因而,有必要对农地的非市场功能进行详尽的分类及价值估算。同时,将由于市场失灵而没能包含到农地总价值中的生态环境等非市场价值纳入到成本效益决策中,来减少市场失灵所造成的农地非农化的效率损失。通过对农地非市场功能的具体分类及量化,测算我国不同经济区域因市场失灵导致的农地非农化过度损失,结果显示,代表东、中、西部地区的江苏、湖北和甘肃省的农地非农化过度损失Ⅰ分别为31.58%、38.13%和43.85%,这为我国农地非农化的行为调控及相应公共政策措施的制订和实施提供了理论依据。     

高压变频技术在70 t电弧炉除尘系统中的应用

提出运用高压变频技术实现电弧炉除尘风机变频调速的工艺.在70 t ABB电弧炉烟气治理运用中,以温度为调速系统主要控制参数,设计工频和变频两套系统,实现除尘风机的转速按工艺要求调节,其功率因数从0.83提高到0.97,除尘系统节电60%,冶炼工况同时也得到改善.表明该工艺具有广阔的应用前景.     

The liver but not the skin is the site for conversion of a red carotenoid in a passerine bird

Carotenoids may provide numerous health benefits and are also responsible for the integumentary coloration of many bird species. Despite their importance, many aspects of their metabolism are still poorly known, and even basic issues such as the anatomical sites of conversion remain controversial. Recent studies suggest that the transformation of carotenoid pigments takes place directly in the follicles during feather growth, even though the liver has been previously recognised as a storing organ for these pigments with a certain potential for conversion. In this context, we analysed the carotenoid profile of plasma, liver, skin and feathers of male Common Crossbills (Loxia curvirostra). Interestingly, the derivative feather pigment 3-hydroxy-echinenone was detected in the liver and in the bloodstream (i.e. the necessary vehicle to transport metabolites to colourful peripheral tissues). Our results demonstrate for the first time with empirical data that the liver may act as the main site for the synthesis of integumentary carotenoids. This finding contradicts previous assumptions and raises the question of possible inter-specific differences in the site of carotenoid conversion in birds.     

Ozone concentrations, flux and potential effect on yield during wheat growth in the Northwest-Shandong Plain of China

Ozone (O₃) concentration and flux (F_o) were measured using the eddy covariance technique over a wheat field in the Northwest-Shandong Plain of China. The O₃-induced wheat yield loss was estimated by utilizing O₃ exposure-response models. The results showed that: (1) During the growing season (7 March to 7 June, 2012), the minimum (16.1 ppbV) and maximum (53.3 ppbV) mean O₃ concentrations occurred at approximately 6:30 and 16:00, respectively. The mean and maximum of all measured O₃ concentrations were 31.3 and 128.4 ppbV, respectively. The variation of O₃ concentration was mainly affected by solar radiation and temperature. (2) The mean diurnal variation of deposition velocity (V_d) can be divided into four phases, and the maximum occurred at noon (12:00). Averaged V_d during daytime (6:00–18:00) and nighttime (18:00–6:00) were 0.42 and 0.14 cm/sec, respectively. The maximum of measured V_d was about 1.5 cm/sec. The magnitude of V_d was influenced by the wheat growing stage, and its variation was significantly correlated with both global radiation and friction velocity. (3) The maximum mean F_o appeared at 14:00, and the maximum measured F_o was − 33.5 nmol/(m²·sec). Averaged F_o during daytime and nighttime were − 6.9 and − 1.5 nmol/(m²·sec), respectively. (4) Using O₃ exposure-response functions obtained from the USA, Europe, and China, the O₃-induced wheat yield reduction in the district was estimated as 12.9% on average (5.5%–23.3%). Large uncertainties were related to the statistical methods and environmental conditions involved in deriving the exposure-response functions.     

武汉市耕地非农化的空间自相关分析

经济发展和城市扩张使包括耕地在内的大量开放空间被不断侵蚀,随着人们对耕地非市场价值和生态功能认识的不断加深,如何合理高效可持续地利用耕地被广泛关注。采用空间自相关分析方法从乡镇尺度定量研究了武汉市耕地非农化的空间关系,以探讨快速发展时期平原城市耕地非农化空间关系的变化及其原因。研究表明:(1)全局Morans I显示武汉市耕地非农化在1990~2011年的4个时期均呈现出显著的全局空间自相关,其聚集强度以2005年为分界点,前3个时期不断加强后有所下降;(2)通过EB修正的武汉市耕地非农化的LISA图显示武汉市耕地非农化的聚集区域由开始处于区域外围的LL型聚集为主导逐步转变为处于城乡交错区域的LH+HH型聚集为主导;(3)通过绘制不同时期不同聚集类型的重心移动路径可以发现LH+HH型聚集均出现先向东南再向东北移动的趋势,这种耕地非农化趋势与区域的产业布局有密切关系。通过空间自相关分析掌握武汉市耕地非农化的空间特征是开展耕地保护和实现耕地合理利用的基石,根据研究结果可以确定重点和优先管制区域以提升土地利用管制效果,协调好城市建设和耕地资源保护间的关系。     

Effect of CeO2 and Al2O3 on the activity of Pd/Co_3O_4/cordierite catalyst in the three-way catalysis reactions (CO/NO/CnHm)

The present article studies the effect of CeO₂ and Al₂O₃ on the activity of Pd/Co₃O₄/cordierite catalyst in conversion of NO, CO, C_nH_m. The catalysts were characterized by temperature programmed reduction with hydrogen, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. It is shown that the effect of CeO₂ on the properties of Pd/Co₃O₄/cordierite catalyst depends on preparation method. The catalyst obtained by co-deposition of cerium and cobalt oxides has higher activity in CO oxidation (CO + O₂ and CO + NO) and total hexane oxidation (C₆H₁₄ + O₂). Such phenomenon is probably caused by more than stoichiometric amount of formed oxygen vacancies, an increase in both mobility of surface oxygen and dispersity of components in the catalytic composition. It is demonstrated that CeO₂ addition promotes the SO₂ resistance of Pd/Co₃O₄/cordierite. The second support decreases the activity of Pd/Co₃O₄/cordierite catalyst in the reactions of CO and C₆H₁₄ with oxygen because of CoAl₂O₄ formation.     

鄂尔多斯十大孔兑区植被生产力变化趋势对土地利用转移的响应

归一化植被指数(Normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)是衡量区域植被生产力变化的一个重要指标,而土地利用/覆盖变化(Land use/cover change,LUCC)进程深刻影响了陆地生态系统空间分布格局及其生产力变化。因此本文结合趋势分析和转移矩阵法,从中分辨率成像光谱仪(Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer,MODIS)NDVI年际变化角度分析鄂尔多斯北部典型农牧交错区(十大孔兑地区)2000-2015年植被生产力的变化趋势与LUCC的关系。结果表明:(1)在农牧交错区植被生产力总体呈增加趋势,其中显著增加和不显著增加区域面积占总面积的89.41%,分别为22.01%和67.4%;其后依次为不显著减少区域、无变化区域和显著减少区域,面积比例分别为4.59%、3.32%和2.68%。(2)在不显著增加和显著增加区,土地转换面积分别为235146.08 hm2和82761.76 hm2,草地转为农田、林地、水体、建设用地和未利用地尤其是草地转为农田导致对应区域植被生产力增加。