An estimate of the conversion rates of SO2 to SO2-4 and NO2 to HNO3+ NO3- for the evaluation air pollution in Beijing

The conversion rates of SO₂ to SO^2-₄ and NO₂ to HNO₃₊NO₃- are estimated from the field-data obtained in Beijing in summer, 1988. The results show that the conversion rate of NO₂ is about four times as much as that of SO₂; The conversion rates have a diurnal variation in a day. On the average, the rate of SO₂ is estimated to be 4.7% h^-1 during the daytime and 3.4% h^-1 during the nighttime. Similarly, the rate of NO₂ is estimated to be 17.2% h^-1 and 12% h^-1 respectively.     

Nitric oxide emission from a typical vegetable field in the Pearl River Delta, China

Croplands contribute to atmospheric nitric oxide (NO), but very limited data are available about NO fluxes from intensively managed croplands in China. In this study, NO fluxes were measured in a typical vegetable field planted with flowering Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. Chinensis var. utilis Tsen et Lee), which is the most widely cultivated vegetable in Guangdong province, south China. NO emission drastically increased after nitrogen fertilizer application, and other practices involving loosening the soil also enhanced NO emission. Mean NO emission flux was 47.5 ng N m⁻² s^–1 over a complete growth cycle. Annual NO emission from the vegetable field was about 10.1 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. Fertilizer-induced NO emission factor was estimated to be 2.4%. Total NO emission from vegetable fields in Guangdong province was roughly estimated to be 11.7 Gg N yr⁻¹ based on the vegetable field area and annual NO emission rate, and to be 13.3 Gg N yr⁻¹ based on fertilizer-induced NO emission factor and background NO emission. This means that NO emission from vegetable fields was approximately 6% of NO_x from commercial energy consumption in Guangdong province.     

隆回县高海拔山区高效生态经济型退耕还林造林模式研究

通过对六种植物配置方式及三种开发模式的对比试验分析，试验出了一种融水土保持效益与经济效益于一体的高效生态经济型造林模式，并探讨了灰毡毛忍冬产量与海拔高度的关系．结果表明：在自然条件恶劣的小沙江高海拔山区，采用金银花(品种为灰毡毛忍冬) 三木药材或其它草本药材，运用景观生态学原理进行设计开发，可获得很好的经济效益与社会效益，并能保持山区的可持续发展．同时还试验出了主栽树种灰毡毛忍冬在海拔1000～1400m之间时经济效益最好．     

脉冲电晕等离子体活化纯CO2的反应

研究了在常温常压下，脉冲电晕等离子体对温室气体CO2的活化与转化分别考察了反应气体流速、脉冲电压峰值、放电频率对纯CO2转化的影响．结果表明，CO2主要分解为CO和O2，另有少量积碳和臭氧产生；随着反应气体流速的增加，CO2转化率、CO产率和选择性降低；随着脉冲电压峰值和放电频率的升高，CO2转化率、CO产率增大，CO选择性降低．     

硝酸磷肥装置含氨尾气系统改造

分析硝酸磷肥装置含氨尾气系统存在的问题，介绍改造工艺，主要设备和改造后收到的良好经济效益及社会效益。     

西安市PM2.5中水溶性离子的季节变化特征

为探究西安市大气PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子的污染特征及来源,本研究采集2017～2018年的PM_(2.5)样品,利用离子色谱仪测定9种水溶性离子(SO~(2-)_4、NO~-_3、Cl~-、F~-、Na~+、Mg~(2+)、NH~+_4、K~+和Ca~(2+))的浓度水平,并对NH~+_4的存在形式分析、氮氧化率(NOR)、硫氧化率(SOR)以及[NO~-_3]/[SO~(2-)_4]等进行探究.结果表明,西安市PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子主要来自扬尘、燃煤、生物质燃烧和二次生成.Ca~(2+)、SO~(2-)_4、NH~+_4和NO~-_3是西安市大气PM_(2.5)中主要的水溶性离子.相关性分析结果表明,西安市春季NH~+_4不能完全中和SO~(2-)_4,未中和的SO~(2-)_4主要与K~+和Ca~(2+)结合;夏季NH~+_4主要以NH_4HSO_4和(NH_4)_2SO_4的形式存在于大气中;秋季的NH~+_4主要以NH_4HSO_4和NH_4NO_3的形式存在;冬季大气中NH~+_4多以(NH_4)_2SO_4和NH_4NO_3的形式存在.硫氧化率和氮氧化率的年均值分别为0.35和0.16,说明研究期间SO~(2-)_4、NO~-_3的二次生成率较大.[NO~-_3]/[SO~(2-)_4]比值说明西安市春夏季主要受固定源影响,秋冬季主要受移动源影响.     

威布尔分布环境折合因子计算及其应用研究

目的对不同环境条件试验下的数据进行融合。方法针对应用最为普遍的威布尔分布类型的环境折合因子进行研究,给出威布尔分布环境折合因子的定义,根据极大似然估计法对威布尔分布环境折合因子进行计算。结果得出了相关环境折合因子的计算结果,在此基础上给出了应用环境折合因子进行数据融合的方法和步骤。结论应用威布尔分布环境折合因子可以合理的对不同环境下试验数据进行融合,达到扩大试验样本的目的。     

Welfare effects of rural-urban land conversion on different aged land-lost farmers: exemplified in Wuhan city

Rural-urban land conversion is a universal phenomenon in the rapid process of economic development and urban growth. The welfare of farmers who lost their farmland attracted a widespread concern within the society and academia. However, further research about differentiated policies according to the characteristics of different farmer groups is still need to be conducted. This article divides the land-lost farmers into three age groups: younger than 45, 45–65, and more than 65. It proposes a welfare index system including eight functional areas based on different age groups of affected farmers, taking four districts of Wuhan City as case study area. Fuzzy mathematics method is used to derive the aggregated welfare effect index. Our analysis show that the overall welfare levels of land-lost farmers of all age groups declined, but with a varying degree, with the level of welfare in those farmers who are 45–65 years old, younger than 45 years old, and older than 65 years old decreased by 18.7%, 16.6%, and 12.7%, respectively. The direction and degree of effects on the functional activity index varies among different groups. Economic conditions, living environment, health, and social participation of all age groups decrease while social security and housing conditions increase. On the other hand, development opportunities, social communication, and leisure have different changing directions in different age stages. These results call for differentiated and tailor-made compensation policies for land-lost farmers, towards improving the welfare levels of all farmers and reduce the disparity among them.     

农业文化遗产地有机生产转换期农产品价格补偿测算——以云南省红河县哈尼梯田稻作系统为例

高效农业技术广泛使用提高了农业生产效率,促进了粮食产量增长,但同时也带来环境问题、食品安全问题和传统农业文化逐渐消失等负面效应。哈尼梯田作为全球重要农业文化遗产(GIAHS),具有生态价值、农业生产价值和景观价值等多重价值,保护哈尼梯田农业系统意义重大。通过有机生产提高稻谷价格的方式,推动农民继续种植水稻,可以达到保护哈尼梯田农业系统的目的。然而,从非有机到有机生产有一个转换期,这期间稻谷无法以有机产品的价格出售,所以,政府须给予一定的价格补偿才可保证农民利益和生产的持续性。论文采用问卷和访谈等调查方法,获取哈尼梯田地区农户有机转换期种植投入产出状况和劳动力外出务工收入状况,以及现代规模生产方式下的投入产出状况,通过分析对比和核算,得到结果如下:1哈尼梯田地区有机转换期水稻种植直接投入高于现代水稻种植方式,总投入成本中劳动力成本占比最大,而单产低于现代水稻种植方式;2哈尼梯田地区的青壮年劳动力偏向于在城市生活和务工,外出务工收入明显高于常规农业收入,使农业机会成本较高;3有机转换期的稻谷价格补偿至少2.84元/kg才可保证有机转换期农民收入稳定,从而达到保护哈尼梯田景观的目的。     

Evaluation of the economic and environmental impact of converting cropland to forest: a case study in Dunhua county, China

The Sloping Land Conversion Program (also known as "Grain for Green" or the Upland Conversion Program) for converting cropland to forest is one of China's most ambitious environmental initiatives, and is one of the world's largest land-conservation programs with a budget of RMB 337 billion (over US$ 40 billion). Although environmental impacts have played a vital role in the general reasoning and argumentation for forest plantations, environmental impact analyses have often received less attention than economic analyses in the planning of plantation forestry projects. The overall goal of this paper is to evaluate the program's environmental impact considering the farmer's interests and the potential social benefits due to carbon sequestration in different scenarios based on household and field survey data in Dunhua County. Our findings are that: (1) in many cases, the program did not give adequate consideration to land productivity and environmental heterogeneity when selecting plots; (2) more than half of the reforestation plots were on flat cropland (slopes of less than 5 degrees ); (3) in five of the eight townships, net incomes on reforested land were substantially above or below previous crop incomes, raising questions about the efficiency of the allocation of compensation to farmers participating in the program; (4) the potential carbon co-benefit increased the NPV of the program by 5954-7009 RMB/ha. In conclusion, we recommend that more attention should be paid to the quality of reforestation programs rather than just their scale and note that consideration of potential carbon sequestration co-benefits enhances the benefits of cropland conversion programs.