硫酸铅在柠檬酸钠-酸体系中的浸出转化

硫酸铅可以在柠檬酸钠-乙酸体系中脱硫转化生成柠檬酸铅。考察了柠檬酸钠投加量、反应时间、固液比以及反应温度对PbSO4浸出转化的影响。实验结果表明,PbSO4的转化率随着柠檬酸钠投加量和反应时间的增加而增大,固液比和反应温度对浸出过程影响不大。溶液中溶解的铅含量随着柠檬酸钠投加量的增大而增大,其他条件对其影响不明显。最佳浸出工艺条件是：柠檬酸钠与PbSO。的物质的量之比为2：1,固液比为1／5～1／3,反应温度为25℃,反应时间为2h,此时PbSO4的转化率可达到99％左右,溶液中的铅含量为总铅的3．8％左右。PbSO4浸出得到[Pb,（C。H,O,）,]·3H2O,它在350℃左右可完全分解,得到PbO／Pb粉末。     

硫酸铅在柠檬酸钠-乙酸体系中的浸出转化

硫酸铅可以在柠檬酸钠-乙酸体系中脱硫转化生成柠檬酸铅.考察了柠檬酸钠投加量、反应时间、固液比以及反应温度对PbSO4浸出转化的影响.实验结果表明,PbSO4的转化率随着柠檬酸钠投加量和反应时间的增加而增大,固液比和反应温度对浸出过程影响不大.溶液中溶解的铅含量随着柠檬酸钠投加量的增大而增大,其他条件对其影响不明显.最佳浸出工艺条件是:柠檬酸钠与PbSO4的物质的量之比为2:1,固液比为1/5～ 1/3,反应温度为25℃,反应时间为2h,此时PbSO4的转化率可达到99％左右,溶液中的铅含量为总铅的3.8％左右.PbSO4浸出得到[Pb3(C6H5O7)2]·3H2O,它在350℃左右可完全分解,得到PbO/Pb粉末.     

不同区域农地城市流转中选择价值测算

农地城市流转是城市化、工业化过程中的普遍现象,是土地资源竞争配置的结果,本质上是有限的土地资源在农业用途和非农业用途的合理分配.农地城市流转具有不确定性,不可逆性和流转时间延迟性3个特征,因此农地具有选择价值.采用模型假设法和实证分析法,对农地城市流转的选择价值进行估算.对农地选择价值的计算公式进行推导,得出农地流转为其他不同用途地类的选择价值,拥有一期选择权的农地,流转为商业用地的选择价值最高的为173.95元 /m2,最低的为4.44元/m2;流转为居住用地的选择价值最高的为158.40元/m2,最低的为4.16元/m2;流转为工业用地的选择价值最高的为39.52元/m2,最低的为3.58元/m2.影响选择价值大小的相关因素有农地流转为市地后的每期净收益,农地流转开发为市地过程中的开发成本,市地地价的波动率和无风险利率.     

随机森林理论及其在水文地质领域的研究进展

随机森林理论是近年来快速发展的一种人工智能集成学习算法,由于其对数据系列中异常值的容忍度较高,且预测结果准确度显著高于其他常用算法,在以水文地质领域为代表的自然科学研究中的应用越来越广泛.本文在介绍随机森林算法理论和应用方法的基础上,结合国外内已有研究成果,分析其在地下水潜力评估、地表水-地下水转化、地下水水质评价和地下水污染预测等水文地质领域的应用效果,对随机森林理论在水文地质领域的应用前景和进一步发展的方向进行了讨论.结果表明,随机森林理论可以有效解决水文地质领域研究中的参数和过程不确定性问题,在水文地质结构精确刻画、水文地质参数准确反演、水文地质过程的描述均具有广阔的应用前景.     

城乡生态经济交错区农地城市流转决策博弈研究

在城市化过程中,城乡生态经济交错区的农地被占用是一种普遍现象。在我国,农地城市流转是通过土地征用而实现的,即我国农地城市流转决策属于政府行为,因此,从决策主体行为出发,研究农地城市流转,对于我国城市化的正常推进以及农地的有效保护具有重要的现实意义。研究得出,在现有的制度安排下,地方政府更加注重区域农地流转的经济发展,村干部往往是政策的执行者,而农民在决策中往往处于弱势地位,对于农地流转决策影响不大。可见,要控制农地过量向城市流转,必须树立科学的发展观,完善决策机制,规范征地行为,提高农民参与权。     

岷江上游退耕还林与生态恢复的问题和对策

退耕还林因地域的差异存在不同的问题。长江上游山区本质属于受干扰山地系统,生态恢复需从多尺度和多角度入手。作为一个契机,退耕还林对生态恢复的作用在持续性和生态性上存在着矛盾和统一,同时也存在不同利益主体之间的博弈。针对岷江上游区域,在分析了社会、生态复杂性的基础上,通过对不同区域的对比,讨论了人工林种植后的生态效应,研究发现抚育较好的人工林生物多样性和土壤质量指数增加,人工林需要加强人为的干预,并根据在该区域的社会经济调查,指出了退耕还林存在的问题并提出了相应的对策。     

基于云模型的灭火救援作战方案优选方法研究

为了解决灭火救援作战方案优选中存在的模糊性和随机性问题,提出基于云模型的优选方法。首先,根据消防部队灭火救援作战的目标和特点,确定作战方案优选指标集;其次,通过专家咨询建立优选指标的权重云,采用指标近似法确定优选指标的评价云;最后,依据云的算数运算规则对各灭火救援作战方案进行评价,从而确定最佳方案。实例表明:该方法实现作战方案优选中定性语言和定量评价之间的转化,优选结果客观可行、符合人的思维方式,便于灭火救援指挥人员进行决策指挥。     

Constructing a spatially-resolved database for modelling soil organic carbon stocks of croplands in European Russia

This paper describes the conception and construction of a geographic information system (GIS) for use in modelling changes in soil organic carbon stocks in European Russia. A GIS of croplands for European Russia was constructed to allow the RothC and CANDY models, and a statistical model of humus balance, to estimate how soil carbon stocks change in time. The soil map of Russia, the database of soil properties, the map of administrative division, the land use map, the climatic grid, the map of natural and agricultural zoning and an economic database serve as a basis for this system. A map and database of homogeneous units, for maximum accuracy and minimum uncertainty, was created. Homogeneous characteristics are the parameters required for modelling. In the course of this work, the sources of errors in the database and the possible ways of improving calculation accuracy were determined and are described. The methods used and decisions taken in constructing this database are applicable to other studies in which GIS databases need to be constructing from disparate sources.     

Immune stimulation in fish and chicken through weak low frequency electromagnetic fields

A hypothesis is proposed how Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field (LF EMF) exposure can stimulate an immune response, based on recent insights in immunology. We hypothesize that the Immunent EMF treatment induces mild stress to cells, which then produce cytokines that function as alarms or so called danger signals for the immune system. In this way EMF treatment takes the place of multiplying pathogens, and the damage these cause, in the triggering of an immune response. In a first series of experiments in␣vitro common carp head kidney-derived phagocytes were used to determine ROS production as a measure for immune activation. Exposure to LF EMF signals (200–5,000 Hz) at 5 μT or 1.5 mT led to 42 or 33% increase in immune activity, respectively, compared to negative control values. EMF could also additionally stimulate chemically pre-stimulated samples up to 18% (5 μT) or 22% (1.5 mT). Significance of increase in ROS production in the total series was: p < 0.0001. In a second series of experiments in␣vitro commercial goldfish were used. Groups of fish were housed under equal conditions in at least four control tanks and 8–16 EMF-exposed tanks. Exposure was done with a predominantly vertical field at field strengths (rms) between 0.15 and 50 μT. Without treatment mortality was about 50% after 18 days, while the treatment at 5 μT reduced it to 20% on average. At field strengths 0.15, 0.5, 1.5, 5, 15 and 50 μT an equally strong effect was found. Reducing the field strength to 0.05, 0.06, 0.01 and 0.003 μT showed a gradually decreasing effect, which only at 0.003 μT is no longer statistically significant. Finally, in␣vitro experiments were done with 560 commercial broiler chickens exposed to infection pressure from coccidiosis. EMF exposure at 6.5 μT reduced intestinal lesions by 40% and improved feed conversion by 8%.     

农地非农化问题研究述评

土地是农业最基本的生产要素，随着经济的发展和城市化进程的加快，农地非农化规模越来越大，农用地的减少引发了我国粮食和生态安全等问题，“吃饭”与建设之间的矛盾日益突出。对此，国内外学者对农地非农化问题进行了大量研究，分析了我国农地非农化的现状和发展趋势，综述了部分学者的观点。