陆海统筹视域下海洋与陆地环境民事公益诉讼协同研究

海洋环境民事公益诉讼与环境民事公益诉讼系特殊与一般的关系,海洋环境问题较强的涉外属性决定了海洋环境民事公益诉讼在适格主体、管辖法院等方面存在特殊的规定,此种特殊规定不宜废除。但海洋环境民事公益诉讼与环境民事公益诉讼双轨并行的关系造成了海陆交叉污染案件存在适格主体、管辖等争议,且存在两诉协同上的挑战。导致这一问题的根本原因在于,海洋环境民事公益诉讼的受案范围限制在地理概念上的海域,这割裂了同一污染行为下陆地与海洋的联系。陆海统筹理念要求打通陆地与海洋之间的联系,以陆海一体化保护海洋生态环境。在这一理念的指导下,可对海洋环境民事公益诉讼受案范围进行陆海一体化调整,以克服陆地与海洋环境民事公益诉讼双轨并行造成的协同问题。具体而言,在海陆交叉污染案件中可以损害发生地为判断标准,当损害发生地在海洋时,则以海统陆,属海洋环境民事公益诉讼受案范围;当损害发生地在陆地时,则以陆统海,属环境民事公益诉讼受案范围。     

新时代生态文明法律体系统筹协调与集成创新的进展和建议

在“五位一体”总体布局内,生态环保法律体系通过内外协调,进入以生态文明理念为指导的全面升级时期。绿色、循环、低碳要求的统筹协调和集成创新不断加强,明确了一些流域或区域的综合保护立法。对照生态文明体制改革要求,协同推进降碳、减污、扩绿、增长的法制建设不足,山水林田湖草沙一体化保护和系统治理的法制建设不足,一些改革措施并未写入法律法规,一些概念和部门的职责并不清晰,一些特殊区域和流域缺乏综合性保护专门立法,影响绿色、循环、低碳发展的综合绩效。建议全面开展法制梳理,提升降碳、减污、扩绿、增长类法律法规的衔接性和互助性,促进山水林田湖草沙各要素法律法规的兼容性和协同性,针对特定流域和区域的保护、重点行业的绿色、循环、低碳发展及国土空间规划、自然资源资产管理等领域开展专门立法;界定有争议的概念,区分相关监管和监测职责;加强一般立法与流域、区域保护立法的衔接。     

Region-gridding recycling of bulk organic waste: Emerging views based on coordinated urban and rural development

Bulk organic waste (BOW) has a large output in China. The improper disposal of BOW will not only bring serious environmental pollution, but also cause waste of biomass resources. The viewpoint proposes a region-gridding recycling management system of BOW that highlights the coordinated development of environmental, agricultural and energy elements in urban and rural areas. The viewpoint aims to drive the upstream and downstream industrial chains of BOW treatments, avoid the repeated construction of resource facilities, guide the upgrading of resource-based technologies, promote the professionalization of farmers, and thus built the high-quality modern agricultural recycling industrial park based on system management.     

珠海市社会经济发展与资源环境的协调度分析

经济与资源环境协调发展成为研究热点,众多学者运用不同的数学方法对区域经济和环境的协调度进行了分析。目前这方面的研究仅包括经济和环境两大系统,未将社会发展作为独立的系统,且指标的选取未能体现区域经济发展的特点。根据珠海市的实际,对原有的协调度计算方法进行适当调整,得出珠海市社会经济发展与资源环境协调度发展的状况属于良好协调发展类中的经济滞后型。     

Metals in biomass

Background, Aim and Scope

Metal ions generally share the ability/tendency of interacting with biological material by forming complexes, except possibly for the heavy alkali metals K, Rb and Cs. This is unrelated to the metals being either essential for sustaining life and its reproduction, apparently insignificant for biology, although perhaps undergoing bioconcentration or even being outright toxic, even at low admission levels. Yet, those different kinds of metal-biomass interactions should in some way depend on properties describing coordination chemistries of these very metals. Nevertheless, both ubiquitously essential metals and others sometimes used in biology should share these properties in numeric terms, since it can be anticipated that they will be distinguished from nonessential and/or toxic ones. These features noted above include bioconcentration, the involvement of metal ions such as Zn, Mg, Cu, Fe, etc. in biocatalysis as crucial components of metalloenzymes and the introduction of a certain set of essential metals common to (almost) all living beings (K, Mg, Mo, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn), which occurred probably very early in biological evolution by ‘natural selection of the chemical elements’ (more exactly speaking, of the metallomes).

Materials and Methods

The approach is semiempirical and consists of three consecutive steps: 1) derivation of a regression equation which links complex stability data of different complexes containing the same metal ion to electrochemical data pertinent to the (replaced) ligands, thus describing properties of metal ions in complexes, 2) a graphical representation of the properties-two typical numbers c and x for each metal ion-in some map across the c/x-space, which additionally contains information about biological functions of these metal ions, i.e. whether they are essential in general (e.g. Mg, Mn, Zn) or, for a few organisms of various kinds (e.g. Cd, V), not essential (e.g. rare earth element ions) or even generally highly toxic (Hg, U). It is hypothesized that, if coordination properties of metals control their biological ‘feasibility’ in some way, this should show up in the mappings (one each for mono and bidentate-bonding ligands). 3) eventually, the regression equation produced in step 1) is inverted to calculate complex stabilities pertinent to biological systems: 3a) complex stabilities are mapped for ligands delivered to soil (-water) by green plants (e.g. citrate, malate) and fungi and, compared to their unlike selectivities and demands of metal use (photosynthesis taking place or not), 3b) the evolution of the metallome during late chemical evolution is reconstructed.

Results

These maps show some ‘window of essentiality’, a small, contrived range/area of c and x parameters in which essential metal ions gather almost exclusively. c and x thus control the possibility of a metal ion becoming essential by their influencing details of metal-substrate or (in cases of catalytic activities) metal-product interactions. Exceptions are not known to be involved in biocatalysis anyhow.

Discussion

Effects of ligands secreted, e.g. from tree roots or agaric mycelia to the soil on the respective modes (selectivities) of metal bioconcentration can be calculated by the equation giving complex stability constants, with obvious ramifications for a thorough, systematic interpretation of biomonitoring data. Eventually, alterations of C, N and P-compounds during chemical evolution are investigated — which converted CH₄ or CO₂, N₂ and other non-ligands to amino acids, etc., for example, with the latter behaving as efficient chelating ligands: Did they cause metal ions to accumulate in what was going to become biological matter and was there a selectivity, a positive bias in favour of nowessential metals (see above) in this process? Though there was no complete selectivity of this kind, neither a RNA world in which early ribozymes effected most of biocatalysis, nor a paleoatmosphere containing substantial amounts of CO could have paved the way to the present biochemistry and metallomes.

Conclusions

This way of reasoning provides a causal account for abundance distributions described earlier in the Biological System of Elements (BSE; Markert 1994, Fränzle &; Markert 2000, 2002). There is a pronounced change from chemical evolution, where but few transformations depended on metal ion catalysis to biology.

Recommendations and Perspectives

The application of this numerical approach can be used for modified, weighted evaluation of biomonitoring analytical data, likewise for the prediction of bioconcentration hazards due to a manifold of metal ions, including organometallic ones. This is relevant in ecotoxicology and biomonitoring. In combining apoproteins or peptides synthesized from scratch for purposes of catalysing certain transformations, the map and numerical approaches might prove useful for the selection of central ions which are even more efficient than the ‘natural’ ones, like for Co²⁺ in many Zn enzymes.

     

可持续发展理论的内涵认知——纪念联合国里约环发大会20周年

2012年是巴西里约联合国环境与发展大会20周年,回顾20年来世界各国发展所走过的路程,总结可持续发展战略的成功与不足,是制定未来世界健康发展路线图的历史要求。人们对可持续发展理论的内涵认知,经过了从生存到发展,再从发展到可持续发展的漫长过程。可持续发展被视作是一个自然—社会—经济复杂系统中的行为矢量,该矢量将导致国家或地区的发展朝向日趋合理、更为和谐的方向进化。可持续发展特别强调"整体的"、"内生的"和"综合的"内涵认知。可持续发展理论的"外部响应",是处理好"人与自然"之间的关系,这是可持续能力的"硬支撑";可持续发展战略的"内部响应",是处理好"人与人"之间的关系,这是可持续能力的"软支撑"。只有"当人类向自然的索取能够被人类向自然的回馈相平衡",只有"当人类对于当代的努力能够同对后代的贡献相平衡",只有"当人类为本区域发展的思考能够同时考虑到其它区域乃至全球利益时",可持续发展的实现才具备了坚实的基础。可持续发展揭示了"发展、协调、持续"的系统本质;可持续发展反映了"动力、质量、公平"的有机统一;可持续发展创建了"和谐、稳定、安全"的人文环境;可持续发展体现了"速度、数量、质量"的绿色运行。中国在未来不到10年的时间内,要全面实现小康社会的战略目标,达到经济更加发展、民主更加健全、科教更加发达、文化更加繁荣、生态更加良好、社会更加进步、精神更加富足,全民的生活质量更加提升,这就必然要求实现全面发展、协调发展、可持续发展,充分体现以人为本,促进人的自身完善,努力走出一条生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的文明发展道路。论文提出了中国可持续发展战略的七大主题:始终保持经济的理性增长;全力提高经济增长的质量;满足"以人为本"的基本生存需求;调控人口的数量增长、提高人口素质;维持、扩大和保护自然的资源基础与生态容量;集中关注科技进步对于发展瓶颈的突破;始终调控环境与发展的平衡。     

基于多中心与区域共生的长三角地区协调发展研究

多中心城市经济族群式发展是区域发展的重要模式,也是未来区域经济发展的中心与财富积累与增长中心.在全球化与区域一体化驱动下,以城市为核心的多中心经济板块间的联系与关联性越来越明显.长三角作为中国区域经济发展的重要区域,城市经济多中心化与模块化成为其重要表现载体,如何实现多中心的互动、关联与协调发展成为长三角未来综合竞争力提升的重要内容,也是推动长三角持续发展的重要因子.多中心共生作为多中心间新的关联形式,有利于探索区域协调发展的新思路与新模式.利用城市经济能级、城市经济关联、城市流强度与城市外向功能指数等对长三角16个城市进行定.比较分析了长三角城市经济运行态势,并在诊断性分析的基础上,提出了长三角城市经济发展的多中心协同共生、创新发展与集群式发展、新型城市化道路等对策.     

低分子量壳聚糖Nd~(3+)配合物的合成及抑菌性研究

通过将高分子量壳聚糖经双氧水氧化降解制得低分子量壳聚糖,再与Nd3+配位制得低分子量壳聚糖Nd3+配合物,通过IR,UV,TG-TDA和GPC分析对L-CTS的分子量及L-CTS-Nd的结构进行了表征,考察了对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的抑菌性能。结果表明,低分子量壳聚糖与Nd3+形成了稳定的配合物,对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌均有良好的抑菌效果。     

城市人居环境与经济发展协调性分析——以南充市城市建成区为例

城市人居环境与经济协调发展是实现南充市可持续发展的重要途径。文章利用主成分分析法,求出1997—2006年南充市城市建成区人居环境与经济系统的综合发展指标,分析近10年城市人居环境与经济协调程度。     

混合有机配位剂对DTSPAM去除水中Cd2+性能的影响

以聚丙烯酰胺、甲醛、亚硫酸氢钠、二硫化碳、氢氧化钠为原料制备重金属絮凝剂二硫代羧基化磺甲基聚丙烯酰胺(DTSPAM),考察了共存多种有机配位剂(EDTA+焦磷酸钠、EDTA+柠檬酸钠、焦磷酸钠+柠檬酸钠、EDTA+焦磷酸钠+柠檬酸钠)对DTSPAM去除Cd²⁺性能的影响.结果表明,当含Cd²⁺水样中共存EDTA+焦磷酸钠或EDTA+柠檬酸钠时,EDTA的存在对DTSPAM去除Cd²⁺的抑制作用在各个p H值条件下均较焦磷酸钠或柠檬酸钠的影响强,且该抑制作用随着EDTA浓度的增加而增强、随着体系初始p H值的增加而减弱.当含Cd²⁺水样中共存焦磷酸钠+柠檬酸钠时,其对DTSPAM去除Cd²⁺的影响较为复杂,促进作用或抑制作用与水样初始p H值、DTSPAM投加量等密切相关.当含Cd²⁺水样中共存EDTA+焦磷酸钠+柠檬酸钠时,其对DTSPAM去除Cd²⁺的影响取决于EDTA浓度、DTSPAM投加量和水样初始p H值,在各个p H值下均表...