239+240Pu作为湖泊沉积物计年时标:以云南程海为例

在近代沉积作用领域137Cs时标与210Pb计年结合,获得了广泛而有效的应用.然而,137Cs经过两个半衰期的衰变已难于辩识.环境中的Pu核素具有相对较长的半衰期,也随全球大气扩散而散落于地球表面,可望作为沉积计年的时间标志.通过程海沉积物柱芯中239+240Pu比活度、240Pu/239Pu原子比率及校正到沉积年代的...     

无机离子交换材料对废水中铯的吸附研究

用水热合成法合成钛硅酸钠无机离子交换材料,考察了它对Cs的吸附效果。探讨了体系pH值、温度、吸附时间等因素对吸附的影响。实验表明,所合成的钛硅酸钠对Cs的吸附能力较强,在30℃,1mol／L的H^ 环境下对Cs的吸附分配比为6066,饱和吸附量可达1．7420mmol／g。钛硅酸钠吸附Cs的稳定性实验表明,钛硅酸钠的解吸分配比很小,吸附稳定性很好。     

安徽省地表137Cs的活度水平与分布特征

在安徽全省均匀布置采样点,采集222个样品并测定~(137)Cs.其活度,南部山区明显高于北部平原,全省平均值为834Bq/m~2.~(137)Cs高值带大体上为西北-东南走向,并在山脉两侧形成更高值区。     

90Sr、137Cs在河流-沉积物体系的吸附规律研究进展

90Sr、134Cs在河流-沉积物体系的吸附规律及分配系数(Kd)是我国内陆核电厂选址和核环境安全管理的重要环节,放射性核素在河流-沉积物体系的吸附规律包括:①放射性核素在河流、沉积物中的浓度分布;②核素在河流-沉积物体系的分配系数;③多种因素对放射性核素在河流.沉积物中吸附规律的影响;④吸附机理、吸附动力学等的有关研究.介绍了国内外90Sr、134Cs在河流-沉积物体系的吸附规律研究进展及发展动态.20世纪80年代,国外已开展了90Sr、134Cs在河流-沉积物中吸附规律研究,20世纪90年代以来,90Sr、134Cs在河流-沉积物中吸附行为研究日益受到关注,研究内容主要集中在:①现场河流、沉积物中核素浓度调查;②现场及实验室Kd值测定;③各种因素对Kd值影响研究.目前,我国拟建内陆核电厂排放核素在河流生态系统的行为研究还未开展,其实验方法学、影响因素研究等仍是空白领域,建议尽快开展这方面的研究,为评估内陆核设施放射性排放对生态系统的影响研究提供科学依据.     

Geochronology of anthropogenic radionuclides in Ribeira Bay sediments, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Ribeira Bay is located approximately 130 km south of the city of Rio de Janeiro and receives discharges of liquid effluent from the Angra dos Reis nuclear power plant (NPP) site, where two pressurized water reactors are located. To test whether the presence of anthropogenic radionuclides in sediments in Ribeira Bay could be correlated to the NPP operations, we sampled seven sediment cores and determined accumulation rates and chronologies. Only one sediment core did not exhibit a superficial mixing layer; this sample was used for dating purposes. Cesium-137 and ²⁰⁷Bi were observed in this sediment profile, but their presence was associated with atmospheric fall-out rather than the nearby NPP. The exponential decay of ²¹⁰Pb concentration with sediment layer depth was verified below a superficial mixing layer for all other sediment cores. Calculated accumulation rates ranged from 1.2 mm y⁻¹ in the inner bay to 6.2 mm y⁻¹ close to its entrance.     

Analytical results and effective dose estimation of the operational Environmental Monitoring Program for the radioactive waste repository in Abadia de Goiás from 1998 to 2008

This paper presents the results of the Environmental Monitoring Program for the Radioactive waste repository of Abadia de Goiás, which was originated from the accident of Goiania, conducted by the Regional Center of Nuclear Sciences (CRCN-CO) of the National Commission on Nuclear Energy (CNEN), from 1998 to 2008.The results are related to the determination of ¹³⁷Cs activity per unit of mass or volume of samples from surface water, ground water, depth sediments of the river, soil and vegetation, and also the air-kerma rate estimation for gamma exposure in the monitored site.In the phase of operational Environmental Monitoring Program, the values of the geometric mean and standard deviation obtained for ¹³⁷Cs activity per unit of mass or volume in the analyzed samples were (0.08 ± 1.16) Bq.L⁻¹ for surface and underground water, (0.22 ± 2.79) Bq.kg⁻¹ for soil, and (0.19 ± 2.72) Bq.kg⁻¹ for sediment, and (0.19 ± 2.30) Bq.kg⁻¹ for vegetation. These results were similar to the values of the pre-operational Environmental Monitoring Program.With these data, estimations for effective dose were evaluated for public individuals in the neighborhood of the waste repository, considering the main possible way of exposure of this population group.The annual effective dose obtained from the analysis of these results were lower than 0.3 mSv.y⁻¹, which is the limit established by CNEN for environmental impact in the public individuals indicating that the facility is operating safely, without any radiological impact to the surrounding environment.     

210Pb as a tool for establishing sediment chronologies: examples of potentials and limitations of conventional dating models

For aquatic sediments, the use of ²¹⁰Pb originating from the decay of atmospheric ²²²Rn is a well-established methodology to estimate sediment ages and sedimentation rates. Traditionally, the measurement of ²¹⁰Pb in soils and sediments involved laborious and time-consuming radiochemical separation procedures. Due to the recent development of advanced planar (‘n-type’) semi-conductors with high efficiencies in the low-energy range which enable the gamma-spectrometric analysis of the 46.5 keV decay line of ²¹⁰Pb, sediment dating using this radionuclide has gained renewed interest.In this contribution, potentials and limitations of the ²¹⁰Pb methodology and of the models used for estimating sediment ages and sedimentation rates are discussed and illustrated by examples of freshwater and marine sediments. Comparison with the use of ¹³⁷Cs shows that the information which may be gained by these two tracers is complementary. As a consequence, both radionuclides should be used in combination for dating of recent sediments. It is shown that for various sedimentation regimes additional information from other sources (e.g. sediment lithology) may be needed to establish a reliable chronology. A strategy for sediment dating using ²¹⁰Pb is recommended.     

Cesium-137 monitoring using mosses from W. Macedonia,N. Greece

¹³⁷Cs activities in mosses and substrate (soil, bark) collected from W. Macedonia, Greece were measured 20 years after the Chernobyl reactor accident. Archive material from previous studies was also used for comparison and diachronic estimation of the radio-contamination status. A gradual decrease was detected which depended on various factors such as the collected species, location, growth rate and substrate. Maximum accumulation capacity of ¹³⁷Cs was observed in the epilithic mosses in comparison to the epiphytic ones. The ¹³⁷Cs content in the bark of the two broad-leaved species (oak and fagus) was higher than that of the conifer (pinus). Bark specimens of about 50 cm height were in general more contaminated than those of 200 cm. Autoradiography revealed an amount of ¹³⁷Cs distributed more or less uniformly in moss thalli. The high ¹³⁷Cs activities found in mosses 20 years after Chernobyl suggest that these primitive plants are effective, suitable and inexpensive biological detectors of the distribution and burden of radionuclide fallout pattern.     

Role of magnetite and humic acid in radionuclide migration in the environment

Sorption of ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹⁵⁴Eu and ¹⁴¹Ce by magnetite has been studied at varying pH (4 to 11) in the presence and absence of humic acid. The sorption studies have also been carried out at varying ionic strength (0.01 to 0.2 M NaClO₄) and humic acid concentration (2 to 20 mg/L). Percentage sorption of ¹³⁷Cs and ⁹⁰Sr was found to be pH dependent, with the sorption increasing with increasing pH of the suspension. At any pH, the percentage sorption of ⁹⁰Sr was higher than that of ¹³⁷Cs. The results have been explained in terms of the electrostatic interaction between the positively charged metal ions and the surface charge of the magnetite which becomes increasingly negative with increasing pH. On the other hand, ¹⁵⁴Eu and ¹⁴¹Ce were found to be strongly sorbed by the magnetite at all pH values, with the sorption being independent of pH. The strong sorption of trivalent and tetravalent metal ions suggests the role of complexation reactions during sorption, apart from the electrostatic interactions. However, in the case of ¹⁴¹Ce surface precipitation of Ce(III) formed by reduction of Ce(IV) in the presence of magnetite cannot be ruled out. Presence of humic acid (2 mg/L) was found to have negligible effect on sorption of all metal ions.     

Behavior and analysis of Cesium adsorption on montmorillonite mineral

The adsorption of Cs by montmorillonite and the effects of experimental conditions on adsorption were investigated by using ¹³⁴Cs as a radioactive tracer. Additionally, the Cs-adsorbed and the modified montmorillonite were analyzed by X-ray Diffractometer System (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the adsorption of Cs by montmorillonite was efficient in the initial concentration (C₀) of 30 μg/L Cs nitrate solution with 20 g/L montmorillonite at room temperature. In this condition, more than 98% Cs⁺ ions could be adsorbed at pH 8. The adsorption equilibrium was achieved within 5 min and the relationship between the concentration of Cs⁺ in aqueous solutions and adsorption capacities of Cs⁺ can be described by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The adsorption rate would decrease when temperature increase from 0 °C to 50 °C or in presence of coexistent K⁺, Na⁺ and Ca²⁺, while modification by (NH₄)₂SO₄, [Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺, [Cu(NH₃)₄]²⁺ or 450 °C could improve the adsorption abilities of montmorillonite for Cs⁺. However, more than 89% of adsorbed Cs⁺ on montmorillonite could be desorbed by 2 mol/L HNO₃ solutions. The XRD and SEM analysis further showed that the structure of the Cs-adsorbed or modified montmorillonite were different from that of the original one.