火电厂干法脱硫灰再利用的研究

随着干法脱硫技术的推广,其副产物脱硫灰的综合利用成为亟待解决的问题。介绍了干法脱硫副产物脱硫灰的利用现状,根据脱硫灰的性质对各种利用方式存在问题进行了分析探讨。     

Fate and transport of phenol in a packed bed reactor containing simulated solid waste

An assessment of the risk to human health and the environment associated with the presence of organic contaminants (OCs) in landfills necessitates reliable predictive models. The overall objectives of this study were to (1) conduct column experiments to measure the fate and transport of an OC in a simulated solid waste mixture, (2) compare the results of column experiments to model predictions using HYDRUS-1D (version 4.13), a contaminant fate and transport model that can be parameterized to simulate the laboratory experimental system, and (3) determine model input parameters from independently conducted batch experiments. Experiments were conducted in which sorption only and sorption plus biodegradation influenced OC transport. HYDRUS-1D can reasonably simulate the fate and transport of phenol in an anaerobic and fully saturated waste column in which biodegradation and sorption are the prevailing fate processes. The agreement between model predictions and column data was imperfect (i.e., within a factor of two) for the sorption plus biodegradation test and the error almost certainly lies in the difficulty of measuring a biodegradation rate that is applicable to the column conditions. Nevertheless, a biodegradation rate estimate that is within a factor of two or even five may be adequate in the context of a landfill, given the extended retention time and the fact that leachate release will be controlled by the infiltration rate which can be minimized by engineering controls.     

Toxic effects of 2,4‐D herbicide on fish

Abstract

Acute and subacute 2,4‐D toxicity to carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) were investigated. Acute toxicity (LC‐ 50) was investigated in semi‐static test during a 24, 48, and 96‐ hours exposition. Subacute toxicity was investigated by exposing fish to different 2,4,‐D concentrations (150, 200, and 250 mg/L) for 14 days. Biochemical and morphological changes in certain organs and tissues were investigated.

LC‐ 50 values at 24 hours exposure was 310.0 mg/L, 295.0 mg/L for 48 hours, and 270.0 mg/L for 96 hours exposure.

Subacute toxicity tests show that 2,4‐D induce changes in the enzyme activities (AP, GOT, GPT) and morphological changes in the gills, liver and kidneys, but changes are of limited biological importance.     

基于土压平衡盾构施工的双层地铁隧道引起地面沉降分析

为了研究双线上下层盾构隧道施工时的短期地面沉降,以大连地铁二号西安路到交通大学区间盾构隧道施工为背景,使用Flac3D软件进行沉降的有限差分分析,模拟了地下隧道的掘进、支护和掌子面支护等。针对大连典型的地质特征进行预测,这些特征是决定地面沉降量的关键因素。研究区域的地质构造从地面向下分别为素填土、卵石、板岩。通过模拟上下双层非对称往返施工的盾构隧道施工过程,及掘进、支护和掌子面支护等详细步骤,得到了其单向和双向往返施工时的地面沉降,进而可分析其沉降规律。结果显示,上层隧道施工时,将降低岩层承载能力,同时改变下层隧道的土体平衡,加剧沉降,所以沉降量较大且两侧的测点沉降量不对称。通过模拟与分析为在市内建筑物密集区域修建地铁隧道提供安全可行的方法。     

基于响应面法和强度折减法的边坡可靠性计算研究

针对边坡安全系数是隐式函数的特点,提出将有限差分强度折减法和响应面法(RSM)相结合,分析边坡可靠性的方法。采用安全系数、破坏概率及对应的临界滑动面等,作为综合评价边坡稳定性的指标。算例验证表明,笔者提出的计算方法所得结果与其他方法比较接近,且更能反映边坡真实的工作状态。对某钢铁基地工程的昔格达组地层边坡,采用新的计算方法进行可靠度分析,对比研究确定性破坏模式和概率破坏模式中剪应变增量和破坏区的分布。研究结果表明,均值强度较高的边坡岩土体,如果变异系数较大,便仍处于较高风险水平,虽然边坡整体的安全系数满足工程要求;均值安全系数和最小可靠度指标对应的破坏模式也是有差别的。     

嗜热脂肪地芽胞杆菌对聚苯乙烯的降解性能

微生物降解是废旧聚苯乙烯塑料（polystyrene,PS）最具持续性的处理方法.嗜热微生物具有较高的生物转化效率,可有效促进有机固废的降解,然而目前对嗜热微生物介导的PS塑料降解缺乏深入地研究.本文以堆肥中分离的1株嗜热脂肪地芽胞杆菌-FAFU011菌株（Geobacillus stearothermophilus FAFU011）为研究对象,分析其对PS的降解性能及机制.结果表明,FAFUA011可以将PS作为碳源进行生长,并在其表面形成稳定的生物膜;经过56 d的处理后,FAFUA011可使PS塑料膜的质量下降4.2%,重均分子质量和数均分子质量分别降低17.4%和18.2%;SEM分析表明,FAFUA011可造成PS表面产生侵蚀坑洞;XPS和接触角分析结果表明,经过FAFUA011的作用,增加了PS表面含氧结构的种类和数量,并改变了PS表面的亲水性能,从而有利于微生物在PS塑料表面的定殖,并进一步促进PS生物降解;基于2D-COS分析,确定了PS降解过程中官能团随时间变化的顺序为：1491 cm^-1（C—H） > 1450 cm^-1（C—H） > 1601 cm^-1（C=C） > 1027 cm^-1（C—O） > 1068 cm^-1（C=O） > 1366 cm^-1（C—OH）.本研究结果表明FAFU011能够促进PS塑料的嗜热生物氧化降解.     

Revealing life‐history traits by contrasting genetic estimations with predictions of effective population size

Effective population size, a central concept in conservation biology, is now routinely estimated from genetic surveys and can also be theoretically predicted from demographic, life‐history, and mating‐system data. By evaluating the consistency of theoretical predictions with empirically estimated effective size, insights can be gained regarding life‐history characteristics and the relative impact of different life‐history traits on genetic drift. These insights can be used to design and inform management strategies aimed at increasing effective population size. We demonstrated this approach by addressing the conservation of a reintroduced population of Asiatic wild ass (Equus hemionus). We estimated the variance effective size (N_ev) from genetic data () and formulated predictions for the impacts on N_ev of demography, polygyny, female variance in lifetime reproductive success (RS), and heritability of female RS. By contrasting the genetic estimation with theoretical predictions, we found that polygyny was the strongest factor affecting genetic drift because only when accounting for polygyny were predictions consistent with the genetically measured N_ev. The comparison of effective‐size estimation and predictions indicated that 10.6% of the males mated per generation when heritability of female RS was unaccounted for (polygyny responsible for 81% decrease in N_ev) and 19.5% mated when female RS was accounted for (polygyny responsible for 67% decrease in N_ev). Heritability of female RS also affected N_ev; (heritability responsible for 41% decrease in N_ev). The low effective size is of concern, and we suggest that management actions focus on factors identified as strongly affecting , namely, increasing the availability of artificial water sources to increase number of dominant males contributing to the gene pool. This approach, evaluating life‐history hypotheses in light of their impact on effective population size, and contrasting predictions with genetic measurements, is a general, applicable strategy that can be used to inform conservation practice.     

基于建筑信息模型的铁路工程安全管理体系研究

为解决铁路施工现行安全管理强度大、施工准备不足、部门间协作性与联系性较弱、信息滞后、施工保障不足等问题,充分考虑建筑信息模型的优势,结合建筑信息模型对铁路施工进行全生命周期安全管理。利用Revit对工程项目进行建模,结合三维模型对人员进行技术交底与安全教育,导入广联达BIM5D软件对工程项目的即时性管理。研究结果表明:该安全管理体系可以通过可视化设计、施工模拟在施工前充分准备,预先采取针对性安全措施;同时实现信息的全程实时共享,增强各部门之间的协调性和管理的及时性;结合建筑信息模型与云平台充分保障后期的运行与维护,达到对铁路工程进行高效、可行的全生命周期信息化安全管理的目的。     

基于DEM的地形指数提取方法及应用

在水文模拟中,地形指数ln(α/tan β) 作为反映地形信息的物理指标具有很高的应用价值。应用基于DEM的River Tools软件和GRIDATB程序,对红壤丘陵区地形起伏平缓的小流域进行地形指数的提取。 River Tools软件和GRIDATB程序分别使用目前常用的D8方法（单流向法）和多流向法。结果表明：与多流向法相比,D8方法的计算值较为离散,分布曲线较粗糙,平均值略高,方差和偏态系数也较大;但是,两种方法计算的ln(α/tan β) 的分布曲线大致相似。对于仅需要ln(α/tan β) 频率分布的水文模型（如TOPMODEL）来说,可以用单流向法取代多流向法来计算ln(α/tan β) 的频率分布。