pH对粘土矿物胶体在饱和多孔介质中运移的影响

环境pH值条件的变化是影响土壤胶体运移的重要因素之一.本文选取土壤体系中常见的两种不同结构类型的粘土矿物胶体高岭石和蒙脱石作为主要实验材料,通过室内模拟实验和数学模型分析的手段,分别研究了不同pH值条件下,两种无机胶体在多孔介质中的迁移规律.结果表明:高岭石胶体受溶液的pH条件影响强烈,随着pH的变化,ξ电位及颗粒粒径大小发生明显变化,不同的pH条件下的穿透曲线差异明显.在酸性条件下,高岭石胶体回收率显著降低,而蒙脱石胶体基本不受pH影响;利用HYDRUS-1D模型拟合结果与测定数据之间非常匹配,说明利用该模型模拟饱和条件下胶体在多孔介质中的迁移完全可靠.     

Challenges of transformation: The case of Norilsk Nickel

As Russia’s largest mining company, Norilsk Nickel was for much of its history an archetypal Soviet institution. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the subsequent prolonged economic crisis, in 2001 new management came into the company with the objective of transforming the company into a modern global corporation. In the years that followed, management pushed through a series of radical changes to the organisation and its operations. Simultaneous with these changes, the company extended its asset base in Russia and acquired assets outside the country. The progressive direction of the company was, however, taking it further and further out on a limb and the programme of transformation was not being matched and supported by public policy and regulation. Pressures came to a head in the middle of 2008 when a change in the structure of company’s ownership and a collapse of metal prices combined to bring about increased involvement of the state in company’s affairs and a more national emphasis to its strategic orientation.     

海上深水区风电场并网的空间布局优化——以粤东地区为例

海上深水区风电场具有水深深、离岸远、规模大的特点,其并网空间布局的合理规划直接关系到投资成本和用海效率,而现有研究多停留于二维平面,精度有待提高。从风电汇集至岛屿再送出的设想出发,建立深水区风电场并网的三维空间布局优化设计模型,以粤东深水区风电场为例进行分析。研究表明：（1）深水区风电场并网需要考虑海底地形因素,尽管研究范围坡度很小,优化方案的电缆总长度还比二维平面计算结果长约5%;（2）汇集输电的方式能有效减少用海面积、降低总投资成本,其中征海面积、总投资成本减幅最大均可达65%;（3）不同输电方式的电缆成本越低,空间布局越接近以岛屿为中心的辐射状,随岛屿数量增加区别逐渐减小,220 kV交流、500 kV交流、±320 kV直流电缆成本依次减小,1个岛屿时对应方案的岛屿与汇集中心距离分别为38 km、27 km、9 km,4个岛屿时分别降至19 km、19 km、5 km。     

Synthesis of a highly recoverable 3D MnO2/rGO hybrid aerogel for efficient adsorptive separation of pharmaceutical residue

Water contamination by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as acetaminophen, is an emerging ecological concern. In this study, a new three-dimensional manganese dioxide-engrafted reduced graphene oxide (3D MnO₂/rGO) hybrid aerogel was developed for acetaminophen sequestration. The synthesis involved firstly the self-assembly of GO aerogel, followed by thermal reduction and in-situ MnO₂ growth by redox-reaction. The aerogel demonstrated interlinked planes with smooth surfaces deposited with MnO₂ nanospheres and pores of 138.4 – 235.3 µm width. The influences of adsorbent dosage, initial pH, acetaminophen concentration, temperature and contact time were investigated. It was determined that the adsorption of acetaminophen occurred on uniform sorption sites in the aerogel, as suggested by the best fit of data to the Langmuir isotherm, yielding a maximum adsorption capacity of 252.87 mg/g. This highest adsorption performance of the 3D MnO₂/rGO aerogel was attained at a dosage of 0.6 g/L, initial pH of 6.2 and temperature of 40°C. The process kinetics were in-line with the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetics at 10 and 20 – 500 mg/L concentrations, respectively. Thermodynamic assay showed the spontaneity and endothermicity features of the 3D MnO₂/rGO-acetaminophen system. The acetaminophen adsorption mechanisms were mainly hydrogen bonding and pore entrapment. Moreover, the as-synthesised aerogel was effectively regenerated using acetone and re-utilised in four adsorption-desorption cycles. Overall, the results highly recommend the implementation of the 3D MnO₂/rGO hybrid aerogel for purification of wastewater polluted by acetaminophen residue.     

高铁酸钾破解剩余污泥的水解效能分析

为了有效提高污泥水解效率、缩短厌氧消化时间,以K₂FeO₄为氧化剂破解剩余污泥,考察K₂FeO₄投加量（50~500 g/kg,以干质量计）对污泥破解率的影响,分析水解液各项特征指标并对其可生化性能进行预测,探究该方法作为污泥厌氧预处理的可行性.结果表明:污泥水解效率随着K₂FeO₄投加量的增加而升高,当搅拌速率为500 r/min、反应时间为2 h、K₂FeO₄投加量为500 g/kg的条件下,可实现最高的污泥破解率（34.6%）.污泥水解液中有机物以多糖、蛋白质为主,并有少量挥发性有机酸;污泥破解过程也伴随着P和NH₄+-N的释放,上清液中ρ（TP）最高可达496 mg/L,且以正磷酸盐为主（约310 mg/L）,可对其进行回收.采用三维荧光体积积分的方法对污泥水解液的可生化性能进行预测,发现污泥经K₂FeO₄预处理后,水解液中RB（易降解有机质）和PB（难降解有机质）荧光强度均明显增加,当K₂FeO₄投加量为50 g/kg时,F_digestion（生物可降解性指数）达到最大值（4.75）,预测此时污泥的可生化性能最佳.以K₂FeO₄为氧化剂预处理污泥可有效提升污泥水解效率,但若作为厌氧消化预处理,应综合考虑污泥破解率和可生化性能.研究显示,搅拌速率为500 r/min、反应时间为2 h、K₂FeO₄投加量为50 g/kg预处理条件下污泥的可生化性能最佳.      

城市公共安全管理体系研究

分析、定义了城市公共安全管理体系的系统特征,以实体、技术、管理三个维度对体系进行了结构解析.设计了通过符合性审核和有效性审核的实施体系改进的流程.     

一种六面体有限元网格的自动生成

提出一种适合于金属体积成形有限元分析的六面体网格的自动生成方法——子区域法.这种方法首先将形状较复杂的几何实体分割成形状相对简单的六面体子区域,然后分别在每个子区域内生成六面体单元.根据这种方法的特点.提出了得到有效网格所必须考虑的问题和解决方案:子区域网格约束和子区域间网格相容性约束.     

浅层岩溶二维地电影像勘探技术与效果

在吸收传统的电阻率法勘探技术精华和方法理论的基础上,应用二维的观点和数字模拟重构技术,论述了二维地电影像系统的理论、方法、技术,并通过实测案例展示了该技术在研究工程与环境地质调查问题的优势及可行性。     

0D/3D direct Z-scheme heterojunctions hybridizing by MoS2 quantum dots and honeycomb conjugated triazine polymers (CTPs) for enhanced photocatalytic performance

Herein, a novel direct Z-scheme photocatalyst was accomplished by hybridization of 0D MoS₂ quantum dots (MSQDs) and 3D honeycomb-like conjugated triazine polymers (CTP) (namely, CTP-MSQD). The unique 0D/3D hierarchical structure significantly enhanced the exposure of active sites and light harvesting property, while the formed p-n junction enabled the direct strong interface coupling without the necessity of any mediators. The optimized CTP-MSQD3 exhibited continuously increased visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity and strong durability both in Cr(VI) reduction and H₂ evolution, featured a rate of 0.069 min⁻¹ and 1070 µmol/(hr∙g), respectively, which were 8 times than those of pure 3D-CTP (0.009 min⁻¹ and 129 µmol/(hr∙g)). We believe that this work provides a promising photocatalyst system that combines a 0D/3D hierarchical structure and a Z-scheme charge flow for efficient and stable photocatalytic conversion.