3D finite element modeling and analysis of radial forging processes

This paper presents a novel 3D finite element model for the radial forging process with consideration of mandrel. As different with the previous works, the proposed model captures more accurately the features of the radial forging process. The proposed model is validated. With the proposed model, a comprehensive analysis of the deformation for the tube is presented. The contributions of the present work are: (1) a full 3D finite element model which captures more features of the radial forging process than the models in literature, (2) a proof that a full 3D finite element model is needed, (3) a proof of the effectiveness of the spring bar in stabilizing the contact between the hammer die and work-piece, and (4) the spindle speed has little effect on forging load. Finally, this model can be well used for the analysis and comprehensive understanding of the radial forging process and optimization of the process in future.     

Catalytic oxidation of benzene over nanostructured porous Co3O4-CeO2 composite catalysts

The three-dimensional structured Co₃O₄-CeO₂ oxides with Co/Ce molar ratio 16:1 gave the highest catalytic activity, which provided more surface hydroxyl groups and more surface oxygenated species.     

Elevated atmospheric CO2 and drought effects on leaf gas exchange properties of barley

Atmospheric CO₂ concentration (C_a) is rising, predicted to cause global warming, and alter precipitation patterns. During 1994, spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Alexis) was grown in a strip-split-plot experimental design to determine the effects that the main plot C_a treatments [A: Ambient at 370 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹; E: Enriched with free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) at ∼550 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹] had on several gas exchange properties of fully expanded sunlit primary leaves. The interacting strip-split-plot irrigation treatments were Dry or Wet [50% (D) or 100% (W) replacement of potential evapotranspiration] at ample nitrogen (261 kg N ha⁻¹) and phosphorous (29 kg P ha⁻¹) fertility. Elevated C_a facilitated drought avoidance by reducing stomatal conductance (g_s) by 34% that conserved water and enabled stomata to remain open for a longer period into a drought. This resulted in a 28% reduction in drought-induced midafternoon depression in net assimilation rate (A). Elevated C_a increased A by 37% under Dry and 23% under Wet. Any reduction in A under Wet conditions occurred because of nonstomatal limitations, whereas under Dry it occurred because of stomatal limitations. Elevated C_a increased the diurnal integral of A (A′) that resulted in an increase in the seasonal-long integral of A′ (A″) for barley leaves by 12% (P = 0.14) under both Dry and Wet - 650, 730, 905 and 1020 ± 65 g (C) m⁻² y⁻¹ for AD, ED, AW and EW treatments, respectively. Elevated C_a increased season-long average dry weight (DW_S; crown, shoots) by 14% (P = 0.02), whereas deficit irrigation reduced DW_S by 7% (P = 0.06), although these values may have been affected by a short but severe pea aphid [Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)] infestation. Hence, an elevated-C_a-based improvement in gas exchange properties enhanced growth of a barley crop.     

磺胺嘧啶在覆铁石英砂中迁移特征及数值模拟

为了探讨磺胺类抗生素在土壤中的迁移特征,以磺胺嘧啶（SDZ）为研究对象,以石英砂（QS）为介质,采用高温加热法制备覆铁石英砂（IOCS）,通过土柱出流实验,研究不同铁含量和离子强度对SDZ在IOCS中迁移的影响,并利用Hydrus-1D软件对结果进行模拟.土柱出流实验结果表明,随着IOCS表面铁含量增加,其表面粗糙度越大,且表面携带的正电荷越多,SDZ越容易吸附在IOCS表面,其相对浓度峰值越低,不利于SDZ的迁移;离子强度的增加,促进了SDZ在QS和IOCS中的迁移,这主要是受静电作用、表面络合作用和竞争吸附作用的控制.模拟结果显示,非平衡单点吸附模型（OSM）可以较好地模拟不同铁含量和离子强度下SDZ的迁移过程,拟合曲线与实测曲线几乎重合,R²>0.97,RMSE<0.032,拟合效果较好;反演所得吸附分配系数k_F随着铁含量的增加而增加,随离子强度的增加而减小;阻滞因子R_d与其呈现相同的变化趋势;吸附特征参数β>1,而一阶动力学速率常数α均较小.     

The “second dividend” and the demographic structure

The demographic structure of a country influences economic activity. The “second dividend” modifies growth. Accordingly, in general equilibrium, the second dividend and the demographic structure are interrelated. This paper aims at assessing empirically the “second dividend” in a dynamic, empirical and intertemporal setting that allows for measuring its impact on growth, its intergenerational redistributive effects, and its interaction with the demographic structure. The paper uses a general equilibrium model with overlapping generations, an energy module and a public finance module that distinguishes between non-ageing-related public spending and a pension regime. Policy scenarios compare the consequences of different scenarios of recycling a carbon tax through lower proportional income taxes rather than higher public lump-sum expenditures. They are computed for two countries with different demographics (France and Germany). Results suggest that the magnitude of the “second dividend” is significantly related with the demographic structure. The more concentrated the demographic structure on cohorts with higher income and saving rate, the stronger the effect on capital supply of the second dividend. The second dividend weighs on the welfare of relatively aged working cohorts. It fosters the wellbeing of young working cohorts and of future generations. The more concentrated the demographic structure on aged working cohorts, the higher the intergenerational redistributive effects of the second dividend.     

3D打印铝合金液冷板在冷却液中的静态腐蚀

目的 对比3D打印铝合金液冷板材料经不同表面处理后在冷却液中的静态腐蚀情况,并预测静态腐蚀速率。方法 通过pH值测试、腐蚀表面形貌分析来监测冷却液和铝合金的变化,通过电化学方法测试样件的腐蚀动力学参数,通过质量损失试验测量材料的腐蚀速率和年腐蚀深度,通过EDS分析腐蚀产物。结果 所有试验组冷却液pH均整体呈下降趋势。在试样表面可以观测到明显的腐蚀现象,集中发生于试样表面的缺陷位置。不同表面处理的样件,其腐蚀速率不同,差异最大可达16倍。冷却液中的有效缓蚀成分参与了试样表面腐蚀产物膜的形成,在表面沉积了P、Ca等元素。结论 3D打印成形铝合金材料在冷却液中的年腐蚀深度整体较小,其耐蚀性良好,进行液态磨粒抛光或酸洗处理能降低研究材料在冷却液中的静态腐蚀速率。     

花状二维铜基卟啉气凝胶制备与气体吸附与分离性能研究

本研究针对混合气体选择性分离和二氧化碳捕获等问题,在小分子聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）和三氟乙酸的作用下控制纵向生长,通过金属铜离子与卟啉配体的自组装形成花状二维金属有机框架材料（2D Flower-like Cu-TCPP）,进一步冷冻干燥获得低密度纯2D Flower-like Cu-TCPP气凝胶.元素含量分析显示,2D Flower-like Cu-TCPP可以充分暴露金属活性位点,克服传统三维纳米材料内部位点难以被利用的缺点;比表面积（BET）分析显示,2D Flower-like Cu-TCPP比表面积为321.92 m²·g^-1,主要孔道尺寸分布在1.8 nm左右.由于充分暴露出金属活性位点Cu-O-Cu,对CO₂、N₂和CH₄表现出优异的吸附分离性能.根据Langmuir吸附等温线拟合得到,CO₂、CH₄和N₂的最大吸附量分别为7.357、2.852、2.002 mmol·g^-1.CO₂/N₂、CO₂/CH₄和CH₄/N₂的最大分离系数分别为9.86、2.52和4.00.2D Flower-like Cu-TCPP在碳捕获、混合气体选择性分离中具有较好的应用前景.     

除草剂2,4-D在胡敏酸上的吸附

报道了除草剂2，4－D在胡敏酸上的吸附，结果表明：2，4－D在胡敏酸上的吸附符合非线形的Freundlich吸附等温线，胡敏酸的粒径，含是,到及环境温度对2，4－D的吸附均有影响，2，4－D在胡敏酸上的吸附量随胡敏酸的粒径变小以及其含量的增加而增大，并随环境温度的升高而降低。     

土壤中苯氧羧酸类除草剂的降解动态

在室内模拟条件下研究了 2甲 4氯、2,4-D和除草醚在土壤中的降解动态 .将它们放在 3种不同有机质含量的土壤中培养 ,隔一段时间取出测定它们在土壤中的含量 ,发现随着时间的延长 ,它们的含量在逐渐减少 .在未考虑土壤中微生物的作用时 ,上述 3种农药在土壤中的稳定性与土壤中的有机质含量及 pH值似乎存在一定的相关性 .除草剂在有机质含量高的土壤中降解较快 ,2甲 4氯 ,2 ,4-D和除草醚在黑土中的降解半衰期分别为 28.6d,27.3d,71.5d;而在红土中的降解半衰期分别为223.6d,301.4d,97.6d,苯氧羧酸类除草剂在酸性土壤中表现得更为稳定 .     

处理电镀废水新型设备的研制

活动式小型自动化离子交换再生一体化设备系国家“八五”科技攻关课题研制的新型电镀废水处理设备。其结构为拼装式,交换柱可依工况(交换或再生)由三维驱动器控制,自动完成与固定管道系统离合,从而实现水的连续处理。