青藏高原多年冻土区典型植被下河流溶解性有机碳的生物可利用性

选取青藏高原多年冻土区12条河流样品进行分析,结合流域内植被类型、流量大小、多年冻土面积与河流溶解性有机碳(DOC)的质量浓度、化学组成、生物可利用性之间的关系及分解动力学进行讨论.结果表明,分别在高寒草甸(AM)、高寒沼泽草甸-高寒草甸(ASM-AM)、高寒草甸-高寒草原(AM-AS)、高寒草甸-高寒草原-裸地(AM-AS-BL)为主的流域内,河流DOC的质量浓度依次为(5.17±0.21)、(5.02±0.50)、(3.55±0.25)和(2.79±0.41)mg·L-1,DOC的生物可降解性程度(BDOC)依次为(23.54±2.62)%、(23.66±3.31)%、(18.17±5.26)%和(11.72±15.56)%;相应地,流域内植被覆盖度越小,河流DOC的芳香性程度越大,DOC的可生物降解性和降解速率随着降低,并且BDOC在培养的过程中的反应遵循一级反应动力学原理;此外,连续多年冻土区河流的BDOC大于非连续多年冻土区的河流BDOC,大河的BDOC小于源头小河的BDOC.研究表明,流域内植被类型是影响多年冻土区河流BDOC的主要影响因素,同时,流量大小和多年冻土对BDOC也有一定的影响.     

利用皂角粉促进污泥水解酸化

针对目前投加常用表面活性剂促进污泥水解酸化的方法存在二次污染与负面效应等问题,提出利用皂角粉促进污泥水解酸化的新方法,考察皂角粉投加量对促进污泥水解酸化效果的影响,分析发酵过程皂角粉与污泥混合体系VSS的变化情况。实验结果表明,投加皂角粉可有效地促进污泥水解酸化,水解酸化液中SCOD、DOC和ThODVFAs浓度均随皂角粉投加量增大而增大,皂角粉投加量/体系中污泥VSS质量为0.20 g·g-1的条件下,污泥水解酸化5 d时,三者分别达到最高值3 724.7、1 485.3和2 044.7 mg·L-1,分别约为不加皂角粉对照组的3倍、4倍和10倍;控制相同的初始体系VSS,改变不同体系中皂角粉占体系VSS的比例,发酵过程中不同体系的ThODVFAs含量相近。消耗相同的体系VSS时,VFAs生成量随体系中皂角粉所占比例的增大而减小,皂角粉作为表面活性剂的作用要远高于作为代谢基质的作用。研究表明,皂角粉是一种经济的环境友好的可用于促进污泥水解酸化的天然表面活性剂。     

热解条件对茶叶渣生物炭特性及镉污染土壤钝化效果的影响

以泡饮过的废弃茶叶为实验原料,通过不同热解温度（300、400、500和600℃）和热解时间（1 h和2 h）制备生物炭,探讨不同热解条件对茶叶渣生物炭（TSBC）的特性及其对镉（Cd）污染土壤钝化效果的影响。结果表明：热解温度的升高可明显增加TSBC的pH和比表面积,降低生物炭的产率、电导率和表面官能团的数量,使TSBC具有弱碱性、较大比表面积和较强的稳定性,对改良酸性土壤和吸附重金属存在一定潜力;而热解时间对其特性没有明显差异,与对照组相比,添加TSBC明显增加了Cd污染土壤的pH、有机碳（SOC）和可溶性有机碳（DOC）含量,但随着制备温度的升高,Cd污染土壤中SOC和DOC增加幅度逐渐降低。添加TSBC显著降低Cd污染土壤中可交换态镉的比例,当热解温度为500~600℃时降幅最显著,其下降比例与对照相比最高可达25.56%;残渣态镉比对照增加了0.88~1.18倍。因此,TSBC对镉污染土壤有较好的钝化效果,这为重金属污染土壤的修复和生活废弃物的资源化利用提供了理论依据。     

Dissolved Organic Carbon and Estrogen Transport in Surface Runoff From Agricultural Land Receiving Poultry Litter1

Dutta, Sudarshan, Shreeram Inamdar, Jerry Tso, Diana S. Aga, and J. Tom Sims, 2012. Dissolved Organic Carbon and Estrogen Transport in Surface Runoff from Agricultural Land Receiving Poultry Litter. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(3): 558-569. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00634.x Abstract: Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) provides a reactive substrate for the transport of organic contaminants with runoff. Very few studies have investigated the export of DOC from agricultural land, especially those receiving manure applications. We investigated exports of DOC in surface runoff from agricultural fields receiving various treatments of poultry litter (raw vs. pelletized). In addition, we also investigated how estrogens in runoff were associated with DOC. Different forms of estrogens studied were: estrone, 17β-estradiol, estriol, and their conjugates. Experimental agricultural plots were 12 m × 5 m long and had reduced tillage and no-till management practices. The aromatic content of DOC was characterized using specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA). Flow-weighted concentrations of DOC and SUVA in surface runoff from plots with poultry litter were significantly (p ≤ 0.10) greater than the control (no litter) plots. Compared to pelletized poultry litter, reduced-tillage plots with raw litter yielded higher DOC concentrations and SUVA values. No significant differences (p ≥ 0.10) in DOC and SUVA were observed between litter treatments for plots with no-till. Total estrogen concentrations (including all forms) were positively and significantly (p ≤ 0.10) correlated with DOC. These results can help select and guide agricultural management practices that can reduce the exports of DOC and associated contaminant from agricultural land receiving manure applications.     

Modeling the seasonal autochthonous sources of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen in the upper Chesapeake Bay

In this paper we investigate the seasonal autochthonous sources of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) in the euphotic zone at a station in the upper Chesapeake Bay using a new mass-based ecosystem model. Important features of the model are: (1) carbon and nitrogen are incorporated by means of a set of fixed and varying C:N ratios; (2) dissolved organic matter (DOM) is separated into labile, semi-labile, and refractory pools for both C and N; (3) the production and consumption of DOM is treated in detail; and (4) seasonal observations of light, temperature, nutrients, and surface layer circulation are used to physically force the model. The model reasonably reproduces the mean observed seasonal concentrations of nutrients, DOM, plankton biomass, and chlorophyll a. The results suggest that estuarine DOM production is intricately tied to the biomass concentration, ratio, and productivity of phytoplankton, zooplankton, viruses, and bacteria. During peak spring productivity phytoplankton exudation and zooplankton sloppy feeding are the most important autochthonous sources of DOM. In the summer when productivity peaks again, autochthonous sources of DOM are more diverse and, in addition to phytoplankton exudation, important ones include viral lysis and the decay of detritus. The potential importance of viral decay as a source of bioavailable DOM from within the bulk DOM pool is also discussed. The results also highlight the importance of some poorly constrained processes and parameters. Some potential improvements and remedies are suggested. Sensitivity studies on selected parameters are also reported and discussed.     

Dissolved organic carbon concentrations and fluxes in forest catchments and streams: DOC-3 model

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in south-western Nova Scotia streams, sampled at weekly to biweekly intervals, varied across streams from about 3 to 40 mg L⁻¹, being highest mid-summer to fall, and lowest during winter to spring. A 3-parameter model (DOC-3) was proposed to project daily stream DOC concentrations and fluxes from modelled estimates for daily soil temperature and moisture, year-round, and in relation to basin size and wetness. The parameters of this model refer to (i) a basin-specific DOC release parameter “k_DOC^”, related to the wet- and open-water area percentages per basin, (ii) the lag time “τ” between DOC production and subsequent stream DOC emergence, related to the catchment area above the stream sampling location; and (iii) the activation energy “Ea”, to deal with the temperature effect on DOC production. This model was calibrated with the 1988-2006 DOC concentration data from three streams (Pine Marten, Moosepit Brook, and the Mersey River sampled at or near Kejimkujik National Park, or KNP), and was used to interpret the biweekly 1999-2003 DOC concentrations data (stream, ground and lake water, soil lysimeters) of the Pockwock-Bowater Watershed Project near Halifax, Nova Scotia. The data and the model revealed that the DOC concentrations within the streams were not correlated to the DOC concentrations within the soil- and groundwater, but were predictable based on (i) the hydrologically inferred weather-induced changes in soil moisture and temperature next to each stream, and (ii) the topographically inferred basin area and wet- and open-water area percentages associated with each stream (R² = 0.53; RMSE = 3.5 mg L⁻¹). Model-predicted fluxes accounted 74% of the hydrometrically determined DOC exports at KNP.     

秸秆离田对土壤Cd生物有效性及水稻Cd积累的影响

通过选取湖南省宁乡市某轻度Cd污染稻田开展连续两季水稻秸秆离田田间试验,研究秸秆离田措施对轻度Cd污染稻田土壤Cd有效性及水稻对Cd吸收累积的影响.结果表明：(1)连续两季秸秆离田有效提高了土壤pH值,降低土壤有机质和根际土壤Cd含量;T1～T4处理使土壤pH值提升0.04～0.58个单位,有机质含量降低了0.68%～25.87%,根际土壤Cd含量降低了3.76%～12.78%.(2)连续两季秸秆离田能降低酸可提取态和可氧化态Cd占比,使残渣态Cd占比上升;同时秸秆离田处理降低了根际土壤Cd的生物有效性,使根际土壤TCLP、 DTPA和CaCl₂提取态Cd含量均显著降低.(3)水稻秸秆离田可显著降低土壤孔隙水中DOC和Cd浓度,连续两季秸秆离田处理下(T1～T4)土壤孔隙水中Cd浓度分别降低了4.54%～40.00%和2.75%～67.34%,说明DOC是影响土壤孔隙水中Cd浓度的关键因素之一.(4)连续两季秸秆离田各处理(T1～T4)降低了水稻各部位对Cd的吸收累积,其中秸秆和根系全部离田处理(T4)下,2020年晚稻和2021年早稻糙米Cd含量分别降低了18....     

不同聚合物类型微塑料浸出液的表征及其对生菜种子萌发的影响

土壤中微塑料积累可影响植物种子萌发与生长,但其物质溶出对植物造成的化学风险尚不明确.为探究微塑料浸出液对生菜（Lactuca sativa L.）的毒性效应,以聚酰胺（PA）和聚乙烯（PE）制备的微塑料纤维为对象,考察不同浸提温度（25℃和50℃）下两种微塑料浸出液中可溶性有机碳、氮（DOC和DON）溶出情况及紫外光谱学参数变化,并开展种子发芽试验.结果表明,聚酰胺微塑料PA在浸出液中DOC和DON的溶出量远高于聚乙烯微塑料PE,且DOC和DON浓度随着浸提温度的提高而增加.微塑料的聚合物类型显著影响了浸出液的芳香性、疏水性组分含量及分子量等参数,而浸提温度则无显著性影响.与对照组相比,微塑料浸出液均降低了生菜种子的发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数等指标,而对株高、根长、鲜重和干重等农艺特征指标影响较小.同时,微塑料浸出液造成了部分种子胚根和子叶的发育异常.研究表明微塑料浸出的物质对生菜种子萌发过程具有一定的干扰作用,需着重考虑微塑料对土壤-植物系统产生的化学风险.     

淹水条件下三峡库区典型消落带土壤释放DOM的光谱特征:紫外-可见吸收光谱

消落带土壤在淹水发生时释放溶解性有机质(DOM),是上覆水体DOM的重要来源.但同时对淹水释放DOM进行定量定性分析的报道并不多见.本文以三峡库区典型消落带为研究对象,通过模拟实验,利用紫外-可见吸收光谱,研究了厌氧淹水和正常淹水条件下,淹水土壤释放DOM的光谱特征.结果表明,消落带4个区域土壤淹水均呈"快速释放-下降-动态平衡"释放规律;释放速率和通量计算表明,DOM释放呈现出"源-汇动态交换"特征.对比两种淹水处理,尽管溶解性有机碳(DOC)和有色溶解性有机质(CDOM)无显著差异,但厌氧淹水DOM芳香性(SUVA280)高于正常淹水,而光谱斜率比值(SR)对不同淹水条件不敏感.同时,厌氧淹水时,DOC和CDOM的相关性也明显高于正常淹水.另外,各区域土壤淹水释放DOM存在差异,以忠县石宝寨土壤释放强度最高,尽管土壤有机质含量是影响各区域土壤淹水释放DOM差异的重要原因之一,但其他地化因素仍需考虑.因此,仅仅关注DOC浓度变化并不足以完全描述DOM的释放特征.     

Keep swimming but stop peeing in the pools

正Swimming is excellent exercise and offers many health benefits.However,the"chlorine smell"in swimming pools may be a turn-off for some people.Although this smell is often thought to be of chlorine,it actually comes from volatile compounds that are produced from unintended reactions between disinfectants(e.g.,chlorine)and organic matter in