京密引水中天然有机物的形态

用改进的Ｌｅｅｎｈｅｅｒ分离方法，并引入最新的ＸＡＤ－８，ＸＡＤ－４树脂串联技术，将京密引水中有机物定量分离为悬浮和溶解态两大类。后者又进一步分离为憎水有机物、腐殖酸类，ＸＡＤ－４酸和亲水中性有机物等形成。溶解态有机物含量约为３ｍｇＣ／ｌ，其中一半左右为腐殖酸类。ＸＡＤ－４酸占溶解态有机１５－２０％，非极性憎水有机物所占比例很低。     

太白山自然保护区水体CDOM吸收与三维荧光特征

研究有色溶解有机物（CDOM）组成、光谱特征与影响因素,对了解水体溶解性有机物（DOM）来源、水生态及碳循环过程具有重要意义.2019年夏季在太白山自然保护区山顶湖泊以及霸王河、黑河、石头河与湑水河等5个水体中共采集了71个水样,采用紫外-可见吸收光谱与三维荧光光谱,结合平行因子分析模型与冗余分析进行CDOM光学特性、组成及来源解析.结果表明,保护区湖泊中溶解性有机物含量较少,DOC与CDOM浓度均显著低于4条河流（P<0.05）;水体中CDOM包含2类4种荧光组分,其中类腐殖质组分C1与C2是水体中CDOM主要组成部分,4条河流中类腐殖质组分相对贡献率高达82%~96%,远大于湖泊;所有水体荧光指数FI均大于1.8,自生源指数BIX与新鲜度指数β：α,均为0.6左右;河流水体腐殖化指数HIX显著大于湖泊（P<0.01）;河流DOM主要由保护区林地土壤输入,较少受人类活动影响,而湖泊水体水质受人类活动影响相对较多.冗余分析表明EC对高山湖泊水体CDOM光谱特征参数影响较大（P<0.05）,EC、DTN和DOC对4条河流水体CDOM光谱特征参数影响较大（P<0.01）.     

Cu2+在混凝中对富里酸氯化消毒副产物的影响

混凝实验采用硫酸铝作为混凝剂,以富里酸（FA）为目标物,考察Cu²⁺对浊度、溶解性有机碳（DOC）去除效果和氯化消毒副产物生成势（DBPsFP）的影响,并采用三维荧光光谱（3DEEM）和超滤膜分级对混凝出水进行表征.结果表明,Cu²⁺可以通过络合反应提高混凝过程对FA中亲水性组分和芳香结构DBPs前驱体的去除效果.在pH> 7时,可以使二氯乙酸生成势（DCAAFP）和三氯甲烷生成势（TCMFP）明显降低.Cu²⁺-混凝的作用更倾向于影响FA中分子量级分处于10~30kDa的物质,提高其对DOC和DBPs生成势的去除效果.     

The effects of temperature and resource availability on denitrification and relative N2O production in boreal lake sediments

Anthropogenic environmental stressors(like atmospheric deposition,land use change,and climate warming) are predicted to increase inorganic nitrogen and organic carbon loading to northern boreal lakes,with potential consequences for denitrification in lakes.However,our ability to predict effects of these changes is currently limited as northern boreal lakes have been largely neglected in denitrification studies.The aim of this study was therefore to assess how maximum potential denitrification and N_2O production rates,and the relationship between the two(relative N_2O production),is controlled by availability of nitrate(NO_3~-),carbon(C),phosphorus(P),and temperature.Experiments were performed using the acetylene inhibition technique on sediments from a small,nutrient poor boreal lake in northern Sweden in 2014.Maximum potential denitrification and N_2O production rates at 4°C were reached already at NO_3~-additions of 106–120 μg NO_3~-–N/L,and remained unchanged with higher NO_3 amendments.Higher incubation temperatures increased maximum potential denitrification and N_2O production rates,and Q10 was somewhat higher for N_2O production(1.77) than for denitrification(1.69).The relative N_2O production ranged between 13% and 64%,and was not related to NO_3~-concentration,but the ratio increased when incubations were amended with C and P(from a median of 16% to 27%).Combined,our results suggests that unproductive northern boreal lakes currently have low potential for denitrification but are susceptible to small changes in NO_3 loading especially if these are accompanied by enhanced C and P availability,likely promoting higher N_2O production relative to N_2.     

三江平原湿地土壤活性有机碳组分特征及其与土壤酶活性的关系

对三江平原3种主要类型天然湿地(毛苔草湿地、小叶章湿地、岛状林湿地)O-20cm土壤活性有机碳(土壤微生物量碳、土壤可溶性有机碳)特征进行了研究,分析了不同湿地的土壤活性有机碳与土壤总有机碳及酶活性间的关系.结果表明:不同类型湿地的土壤活性有机碳组分含量存在较大的差异,土壤活性有机碳、土壤总有机碳及土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、淀粉酶、过氧化氢酶的变化趋势具有基本近似的特征.表现为毛苔草湿地>小叶章湿地>岛状林湿地;土壤微生物量碳、可溶性有机碳与土壤总有机碳和酶活性存在显著正相关关系,其中,酶活性与土壤微生物量碳相关性最为显著.另外.毛苔草湿地土壤MBC/SOC、DOC/SOC的比值低于其它2种类型湿地,表明毛苔草湿地生物活性有机碳库的周转速率低.淹水抑制了微生物和酶的分解作用,有利于土壤有机碳的累积.因此,沼泽湿地水文条件的变化将会对土壤碳累积与分解过程产生较大的影响.     

淡水系统中4种塑料颗粒的老化过程及DOC产物分析

淡水系统中的微塑料污染及其生态效应已经引起国内外学者的广泛关注,但关于不同类型微塑料在自然环境中的老化研究较少.为探究不同类型微塑料的老化过程,分析老化产物,以4种水体中常见的微塑料聚丙乙烯（polystyrene,PS）、低密度聚乙烯（low-density polyethylene,LDPE）、聚丙烯（polypropylene,PP）和聚羟基丁酸（polyhydroxybutyrate,PHB）为研究对象,进行了40 d的自然光老化实验.结果表明：①在老化过程中,4种不同类型塑料老化析出液水质指标pH、ORP、EC和DO均产生不同程度的上升或下降趋势.②经扫描电镜（scanning electron microscope,SEM）观测发现LDPE表面形态变化最大,已经形成裂纹和孔洞.傅立叶红外检测发现,实验中LDPE的羰基指数增加程度最大,增加了31.48%.③微塑料老化会产生溶解态产物,即溶解性有机碳（dissolved organic carbon,DOC）,DOC质量浓度随老化时间增加而增加,与本底值相比,老化40 d的PHB、PP和LDPE微塑料析出液中DOC质量浓度增加显著,分别增加了61.29%、69.49%和89.15%.以上结果表明经自然光照射,塑料会在自然水体中出现明显的老化,并释放出有机物,由此带来的生态效应应受到更多的关注和研究.     

Coagulation of micro-polluted Pearl River water with IPF-PACls

IntroductionThewaterqualityofnaturalriverisverycomplex,includingvariouskindsoforganic ,inorganicandbiologicalmatters,suchasthesolublemolecules,polymericmatters,colloids ,andsuspendedparticlessuchaslivebacteria ,algaeandalsoprotozoan (Tang,2 0 0 0 ) .Generally ,aquaticparticulatesaredispersivelysuspended ,ordepositintodiversesedimentsthroughadsorption ,aggregationandsedimentation.Furthermore ,theycanberesuspended ,transferredandconvertedundervariouswaterfluidconditions.Clearlydocumentedhistori…     

3种苯胺类化学品在好氧污水处理模拟系统中的降解特性

采用好氧生化污水处理模拟实验方法,研究了不同水力停留时间(hydraulic retention time,HRT)下4-硝基苯胺、4-异丙基苯胺和2-氯-4-硝基苯胺的去除率.结果表明,HRT为6 h、12 h和24 h时,系统DOC去除率依次为70.2%、80.3%和88.3%,4-硝基苯胺去除率分别为48%、64.7%和75%,4-异丙基苯胺的去除率分别为66%、76%和91%,提高HRT可促进溶解性有机碳和苯胺类化学品的去除.2-氯-4-硝基苯胺在不同HRT条件下较难去除,去除率平均值低于20%.生物降解动力学实验结果表明,4-硝基苯胺、4-异丙基苯胺和2-氯-4-硝基苯胺在3 g·L~(-1)好氧活性污泥中的降解符合一级动力学方程,回归系数大于0.95,生物降解半衰期依次为6.01 h、16.16 h和123.75 h.异丙基对苯胺类化学品生物降解具有积极作用,而硝基和氯原子等基团抑制生物降解性.     

溶解性有机碳影响铜对背角无齿蚌稚蚌的急性毒性研究

为了探究溶解性有机碳(DOC)影响铜对背角无齿蚌稚蚌的急性毒性,以0.1‰盐浓度的去离子水为实验用水,设定梯度为0、10、23、45、90和180μg·L-1的Cu浓度,再分别添加0.3、0.8、1.5、3.0和6.0 mg C·L-1DOC形成实验溶液,开展了96 h铜暴露下背角无齿蚌1~2 d稚蚌的急性毒性实验。对应于各DOC浓度组的96 h-Cu-EC50值分别为19(95%置信区间:13~27,下同),23(17~31),17(12~23),13(8~19)和10(5~14)μg·L-1;DOC浓度与稚蚌的96 h-Cu-EC50值的变化呈负相关关系(R=-0.968,P=0.007)。本研究的结果显示,背角无齿蚌稚蚌对环境中Cu浓度的变化十分敏感,96 h-Cu-EC50值与国家渔业水质标准(GB11607—89)Cu的限量值十分接近,适于预警水环境中Cu的污染水平;但仅调整DOC浓度这一个水化学指标对降低铜毒性、减少稚蚌的死亡等方面效果并不明显。     

Copper and cadmium effects on growth and extracellular exudation of the marine toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella: 3D-fluorescence spectroscopy approach

In this study, metal contamination experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of copper and cadmium on the growth of the marine toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella and on the production of dissolved organic matter (Dissolved Organic Carbon: DOC; Fluorescent Dissolved Organic Matter: FDOM). This species was exposed to increasing concentrations of Cu²⁺ (9.93 × 10⁻¹⁰–1.00 × 10⁻⁷ M) or Cd²⁺ (1.30 × 10⁻⁸–4.38 × 10⁻⁷ M), to simulate polluted environments. The drastic effects were observed at pCu²⁺ = 7.96 (Cu²⁺: 1.08 × 10⁻⁸ M) and pCd²⁺ = 7.28 (Cd²⁺: 5.19 × 10⁻⁸ M), where cyst formation occurred. Lower levels of Cu²⁺ (pCu²⁺ > 9.00) and Cd²⁺ (pCd²⁺ > 7.28) had no effect on growth. However, when levels of Cu²⁺ and Cd²⁺ were beyond 10⁻⁷ M, the growth was totally inhibited. The DOC released per cell (DOC/Cell) was different depending on the exposure time and the metal contamination, with higher DOC/Cell values in response to Cu²⁺ and Cd²⁺, comparatively to the control. Samples were also analyzed by 3D-fluorescence spectroscopy, using the Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC) algorithm to characterize the FDOM. The PARAFAC analytical treatment revealed four components (C1, C2, C3 and C4) that could be associated with two contributions: one, related to the biological activity; the other, linked to the decomposition of organic matter. The C1 component combined a tryptophan peak and a characteristic humic substances response, and the C2 component was considered as a tryptophan protein fluorophore. The C3 and C4 components were associated to marine organic matter production.