Formation factor logging by electrical methods. Comparison of formation factor logs obtained in situ and in the laboratory

In this paper, a new in situ method for obtaining the formation factor, which is essential for the matrix diffusion, is described and tested in intrusive igneous rock. The method is based on electrical resistivity measurements in rock where the pore water and rock resistivities are essential parameters. The method is based on electromigration instead of diffusion as in traditional diffusion experiments. In previous works, quantitative formation factors of rock have been obtained by electrical methods in the laboratory. Here, a similar approach is used in situ. An in situ logging campaign was performed by SKB during 2000 in the 1700-m-deep borehole KLX02 in Laxemar, Sweden. The rock resistivity was measured with the slimhole Dual Laterolog from Antares. The groundwater resistivity was measured with the Difference Flow Meter from Posiva. A formation factor log was obtained with the maximum vertical resolution of 10 cm. In order to validate the log, 100 rock samples were taken from the bore core, and a formation factor log was obtained by using electrical methods in the laboratory. Both direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) were used. The measurements on the core confirmed that the in situ log was quantitative, but with a possible systematic error. The in situ formation factors were on average about 1/3 to 1/5 of the laboratory formation factors, depending on depth.     

海面上升影响山地海岸的两种机制及对策——以山东半岛东北部为例

根据距今4000a以来海面波动与河谷地貌、海岸地貌发育之间的关系,未来海面上升有可能导致入海河流发生溯源堆积,使河床纵剖面发生调整,海面上升在导致某些岸段蚀退的同时,还有可能使某些岸段的海淤进;河流溯源堆积导致的入海泥沙减少,可能使原有海岸蚀退加剧．对海面上升可能给山地海岸资源与环境带来的影响,建议加强观测与研究,进行合理规划与管理,并采取必要的工程措施．     

东南大陆中生代玄武岩岩石系列及其构造意义

东南大陆中生代玄武岩和玄武安山岩占区内酸性岩浆作用的5-10％,并为钙碱系列和过渡系列。其矿物组合为斜长石+单斜辉石+角闪石±黑云母+透长石,玄武岩因LIL元素(K、Rb、Th、Ta、Ce)含量高,负Nb异常以及Fe、Mg、Cr、Ni、Co、Sc含量低而不同于产在活动大陆边缘环境的同类岩石,其LIL元素(K、Rb、Ce、Ba)与本区新生代玄武岩相似,但Fe、Mg、Cr、Ni、Co、Sc含量明显偏低。成分分带与酸性岩浆作用的分带性一致,都受壳、幔成分和构造等地质背景控制,产出构造环境为相对稳定的板内区。玄武质岩浆主要由酸性岩浆作用提供热源,地壳发生广泛熔融。从中生代至新生代,由下地壳至上地慢,由钙碱性和过渡系列至碱性系列,是扩张作用逐渐增强的结果。     

Large-scale modeling of reactive solute transport in fracture zones of granitic bedrocks

Final disposal of high-level radioactive waste in deep repositories located in fractured granite formations is being considered by several countries. The assessment of the safety of such repositories requires using numerical models of groundwater flow, solute transport and chemical processes. These models are being developed from data and knowledge gained from in situ experiments such as the Redox Zone Experiment carried out at the underground laboratory of Äspö in Sweden. This experiment aimed at evaluating the effects of the construction of the access tunnel on the hydrogeological and hydrochemical conditions of a fracture zone intersected by the tunnel. Most chemical species showed dilution trends except for bicarbonate and sulphate which unexpectedly increased with time. Molinero and Samper [Molinero, J. and Samper, J. Groundwater flow and solute transport in fracture zones: an improved model for a large-scale field experiment at Äspö (Sweden). J. Hydraul. Res., 42, Extra Issue, 157–172] presented a two-dimensional water flow and solute transport finite element model which reproduced measured drawdowns and dilution curves of conservative species. Here we extend their model by using a reactive transport which accounts for aqueous complexation, acid–base, redox processes, dissolution–precipitation of calcite, quartz, hematite and pyrite, and cation exchange between Na⁺ and Ca²⁺. The model provides field-scale estimates of cation exchange capacity of the fracture zone and redox potential of groundwater recharge. It serves also to identify the mineral phases controlling the solubility of iron. In addition, the model is useful to test the relevance of several geochemical processes. Model results rule out calcite dissolution as the process causing the increase in bicarbonate concentration and reject the following possible sources of sulphate: (1) pyrite dissolution, (2) leaching of alkaline sulphate-rich waters from a nearby rock landfill and (3) dissolution of iron monosulphides contained in Baltic seafloor sediments. Based on these results, microbially mediated processes are postulated as the most likely hypothesis to explain the measured increase of dissolved bicarbonates and sulphates after tunnel construction.     

采煤区覆岩与地表沉陷控制技术研究及展望

煤矿开采引起覆岩及地表沉陷的控制理论与技术研究是涉及全球性灾害学科的研究内容之一。笔者通过对采动覆岩破坏特征的分析，提出了覆岩破坏与移动的“竖四带”的分区模式；并在评述传统控制技术及效果的基础上，介绍了覆岩与地表沉陷控制的新技术——离层注浆技术的原理、特点及应用前景     

Research and practice on fluctuation water injection technology at low permeability coal seam

In order to solve the problem of poor affusion effect on low permeability coal seam, the paper analyzes the micro process of the coal seam water infusion in wetting coal and determines the main factors affecting coal seam water infusion. The permeability of the NO.3 coal seam in east working face of Xingcun coal mine by MTS815.03 servo-controlled rock mechanical test system has been tested. Results show that when the peak stress in coal sample specimens reaches 48.53 MPa, permeability ranges from 0.5158 to 2.9576 × 10⁻⁸ Darcy, and it means that the coal seam is low in permeability and difficult in water injection. Based on the characteristics of low permeability and geostress situation, efficient fluctuation water injection technology with permeable agent and relevant process parameters have been designed. The surface tension of the permeable agent developed here is 31.18 m N/m when mass concentration reaches 0.05%. The permeable agent can permeate into 2 cm thick coal layer completely in 10 s, thus improving the wettability of water effectively and the water injection pressure fluctuates between 7 MPa and 25 MPa. The application of the technique in the 3rd coal seam in east working face of Xingcun coal mine shows not only single-arch injection experienced a significant increase on average, from no more than 10 m³ to 63.3886 m³, but also the effect of dust fall, cooling and rock burst prevention is remarkable.     

Study on tri-axial creep experiment and constitutive relation of different rock salt

To evaluate the effect of the long-term operation of a salt cavern in a given construction on rock deformation and its stability, tri-axial creep tests to the glauberite, anhydrite, and argillaceous rock salt are conducted, from which the creep curves as well as exponential functions of strain rate during the steady creep stage and creep constitutive equations of different rock salt in the experimental process derived are obtained. The study results show that: (i) Under the same deviatoric stress, the strain rate of argillaceous rock salt is lower than the glauberite and anhydrite, and the difference becomes larger with the increase of the deviatoric stress; (ii) The creep constitutive equations of different kinds of rock salt are in good agreement with the Burgers model, besides which the respective characteristics of these two creep models are compared. The change of creep parameters also illustrates the discrepancy of rock salt. The researching results can provide some references for long-term stability analysis of gas storage in salt caverns.     

锚杆支护巷道安全监测技术

锚杆支护巷道顶板冒落具有突发性和冒落面积大的特点 ,安全监测非常必要。笔者介绍了国内近年来最新研制的CM— 2 0 0型测力锚杆、GYS— 30 0型锚杆 (索 )测力计、LBY— 3型顶板离层指示仪、ZW— 4型遥测多点位移计等监测仪器 ;提出锚杆支护巷道动态信息施工方法 :监测施工、监测信息反馈、检验和修正设计 ,循环往复 ,以达到最佳施工效果。     

丰山铜矿岩石声学特性研究及其在采场安全预报中的应用

对丰山铜矿的矿岩进行声波特性研究,依据声波特性参数将矿岩的稳定性分为3类,并建立了相应采场安全性的声学监测措施。利用声波特性可以实现对岩石的稳定性进行快速判断,并以此选择采矿方法、优化采场的结构参数及支护方式。通过对井下工作面长期的声发射特性参数的监测,初步确定了丰山铜矿岩石破坏的声发射特性参数的判据。并根据观测到的声发射特性参数时间序列,应用灰色理论模型来预报采场冒顶、片帮事故,通过对多个采场的成功预报,证明该模型的有效性。同时应用声波技术和声发射技术进行开采过程的安全预报是一种新的思路,对指导地下矿山安全生产具有重要的意义。     

青藏铁路唐拉段地质灾害的评价分析

笔者主要对青藏铁路唐拉段沿线分布的热融滑坍、热融湖塘、湿地、沙害、危岩、落石等地质灾害进行了评价分析 ;研究了其对铁路工程的影响、工程建设施工对地质灾害的诱发和加剧的可能性 ;提出了施工中应采取的防范措施。