Product-oriented Environmental Management Systems (P-EMS) are a logical extension of current, often primarily process- of facility-oriented Environmental Management Systems. The Dutch government promotes P-EMS as part of its product-oriented environmental policies. The idea of P-EMS is to enable producers to make environmentally responsible decisions on product development and product strategies, in collaboration with suppliers and customers. This paper summarises example P-EMS projects in The Netherlands for two segments of industry, namely retail and manufacturing industry. Moreover two other initiatives will be covered that deal with the development of tools to facilitate P-EMS in two other industry sectors (food processing and building). Success factors that emerge from these initial experiences are: focus on partners that have a strong incentive to act, application of screening Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) or user-shells for LCA, and focus on improvements that can be implemented on the short term. 相似文献
The applications of chlorine have been broadly used in many industrial products, such as bleaching agents, synthetic rubbers, plastics, disinfectants, iron chlorides, fire refractory materials, insecticides, and anti-freezers, etc. According to the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration (TEPA), more than 30 thousand tons were used in the year 2000. In addition, there were more than 12 reported incidents from 2000 to 2003—mostly on using chlorine as disinfectants (five) and as process agents (four).
This study investigated 15 chlorine operation plants in central Taiwan. These chlorine usages included bleaching agents, disinfectants, iron chloride, synthesizing rubber plastics, and others. Thirteen plants were located in the industrial parks and two were in or near residential zones. The consequence analysis were used three different methods to analyze the worst-case scenarios (WCSs) and alternative release case scenarios (ACSs) in order to compare impact zones for applying various active and passive mitigation systems, such as confined space, scrubber, water-spray, and so no. For two plants in or near residential zones, multi-layers mitigation systems and operation limits should be implemented in order to enforce more stringent protection measures. However, there was no specific regulation for chlorine plants operated at different locations, such as industrial parks or residential zones. In order to reduce chemical accidents and their impacts on public safety, our results suggest that source mitigation/management and warning systems should be adopted simultaneously. 相似文献
The East Usambara Mountains, recognized as one of the 25 most important biodiversity hot spots in the world, have a high degree
of species diversity and endemism that is threatened by increasing human pressure on resources. Traditional slash and burn
cultivation in the area is no longer sustainable. However, it is possible to maintain land productivity, decrease land degradation,
and improve rural people’s livelihood by ameliorating cultivation methods. Improved agroforestry seems to be a very convincing
and suitable method for buffer zones of conservation areas. Farmers could receive a reasonable net income from their farm
with little investment in terms of time, capital, and labor. By increasing the diversity and production of already existing
cultivations, the pressure on natural forests can be diminished. The present study shows a significant gap between traditional
cultivation methods and improved agroforestry systems in socio-economic terms. Improved agroforestry systems provide approximately
double income per capita in comparison to traditional methods. More intensified cash crop cultivation in the highlands of
the East Usambara also results in double income compared to that in the lowlands. However, people are sensitive to risks of
changing farming practices. Encouraging farmers to apply better land management and practice sustainable cultivation of cash
crops in combination with multipurpose trees would be relevant in improving their economic situation in the relatively short
term. The markets of most cash crops are already available. Improved agroforestry methods could ameliorate the living conditions
of the local population and protect the natural reserves from human disturbance. 相似文献
Current demand analysis methods do not formally cover the case of chronic deficits in quantity or quality of water and sanitation
services. These services include drinking water supply (DWS), wastewater and sewage treatment (WST), and municipal solid waste
management (MSW). Formal analysis of this case would, at minimum, define the deficit state and evaluate appropriate options
for reducing it. This paper proposes for a formal analytical model for municipal sanitation systems (MSS) that operate with
deficits in at least one of the constituent services of DWS, WST, or MSW. The model introduces definitions and notation for
describing the deficit state for conducting demand analysis on municipal sanitation systems. This model of demand analysis
for systems with chronic deficits will hereinafter be referred to as deficit analysis. A case study for Bacoor, Philippines is presented as an example. 相似文献
Introduction: This study investigates the effect of precision teaching signals on lane maintenance. Methods: In experiment 1, the control group drove a simulator with no signals. In experiment 2, drivers were presented with auditory signals depending on their position within or outside the lane. In experiment 3, visual signals were presented in addition to auditory signals to examine the effect of redundancy on drivers’ lane maintenance. Results: Results showed an improvement in lane maintenance in experiment 2. Cross-experiment analysis indicated this effect not to be the result of learning. Data from experiment 3 also showed that presenting redundant signals did not further reduce lane variability or help drivers maintain a more central position within the lane. Conclusions: Taken together, data suggest precision teaching be effective as an educational tool to improve lane maintenance. Practical Applications: Our study shows the potential for precision teaching to serve as a valuable tool in driver training. 相似文献