建设项目环评审批中的“带图运行”初探

本文在分析环评审批管理中对图件的运用需求基础上,提出“带图运行”的基本含义,结合建设项目环评审批流程,以地理信息系统和流程审批系统为基础,讨论了环评审批中“带图运行”运用的基本思路,并针对存在的问题提出相关建议。     

城市噪声污染管理中的GIS应用研究

噪声污染是城市环境问题四大公害之一,目前它已经成为制约城市人居环境质量提高的重要因素。噪声危害的严峻性和噪声问题的复杂性对环境噪声管理及研究提出了更高的要求。本文在阐述城市噪声污染管理的基础上,研究地理信息系统在噪声源信息描述、数据管理、噪声预测与评价以及基于GIS的噪声地图。通过地理信息系统描述,方便地表示和查询城市各噪声源的地理位置;通过建立噪声预测模型,绘制噪声等值线,提高城市噪声的管理水平和科学性;GIS与噪声地图相结合有利于从多个方面促进环境噪声的控制和消减。     

工业点源环境影响预测系统研发

采用Visual C#为开发工具,以Microsoft Office Access2003建立污染源数据库,开发了基于高斯模式的工业多点源污染扩散环境影响预测系统,实现了对工业点源下风向敏感点污染物浓度的快速、准确计算。通过加载Surfer9 Type Library COM组件,绘制污染物浓度分布云图,结合电子地图上,直观地显示了污染源对敏感区域的环境影响程度,为城市空气环境问题的管理和决策提供了科学的依据。     

龙子祠泉域岩溶地下水水化学特征及成因

龙子祠岩溶水是临汾市工农业生产和城市水源地.查明污染特征及成因,对合理开发利用岩溶地下水资源与泉域生态保护具有重要的意义.本研究以龙子祠泉域岩溶地下水系统为研究对象,通过样品采集与同位素分析,综合运用水化学(Durov图、离子比例、Gibbs图、硫同位素和氢氧同位素)方法分析地下水水化学特征.揭示了龙子祠泉水的水文地球化学特征和环境同位素特征.龙子祠泉域岩溶地下水水化学场从深埋滞留区到补给区到径流、排泄区具有明显的分带性.龙子祠岩溶地下水主要为SO_4·HCO_3-Ca和SO_4·HCO_3-Ca·Mg型水,SO_4~(2-)值为61.6～1 503 mg·L~(-1),均值为481.4 mg·L~(-1),SO_4~(2-)超标比例为70.3%.其SO_4~(2-)主要来源于石膏的溶解和煤系地层FeS_2氧化,其中龙子祠泉水中SO_4~(2-)源于FeS_2氧化的比例为20.2%.依据氢氧、硫同位素得出70%的岩溶地下水不同程度的受到煤矿酸性水的污染.利用Phreeqc软件模拟得出:研究区水化学特征主要受白云石、岩盐和石膏的溶解作用与去白云石化作用.     

复合绝缘子用高温硫化硅橡胶老化图谱绘制方法

目的 研究高温硫化硅橡胶材料在户外不同环境因素作用下的老化规律与相应的老化图谱绘制方法。方法 通过静态接触角、邵氏硬度法测量硅橡胶老化前后的宏观特性,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察其表面微观形貌变化,通过倒易法则、阿伦尼乌斯公式以及叠加法则构建紫外光和温度双因素老化模型,并结合人工与自然老化试验硬度测试结果,对比不同地点的加速因子,初步建立老化速率图谱绘制方法。结果 随着紫外老化以及热老化时间的增加,硅橡胶的憎水性先增强、后逐渐变差,硅橡胶硬度以幂函数形式增加。SEM结果表明,硅橡胶表面发生降解。结合表面硬度特性可以较好地表征材料的老化状态,并用于老化图谱绘制,老化模型结果与自然试验结果一致。结论 硅橡胶老化图谱可以较好地预测各地不同环境下硅橡胶的老化状态,帮助电网制定运维策略,降低成本。     

Improvements in anisotropic models of single tree effects in Cartesian coordinates

For anisotropic density functions of e.g. fruit or leaf dispersal, most mathematical research is only done in polar coordinates. However, in software solutions aiming to derive inverse models for real world dispersal data, Cartesian coordinates may be preferred for several reasons. Thus, we introduce an anisotropic model in Cartesian coordinates following the approach in Wälder et al. (2009) with the von Mises approach. By introducing a correction factor, we thereby consider the fundamental attribute, that the integral over a density function with respect to the Cartesian coordinates has to be equal 1. It may have been overlooked so far that guaranteeing for this attribute needs different approaches whether working in polar or Cartesian coordinates. One result is that our approach can be used also for other anisotropic models rather than models from the von Mises approach.     

Modeling effects of toxin exposure in fish on long-term population size, with an application to selenium toxicity in bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus)

A primary goal in ecotoxicology is the prediction of population-level effects of contaminant exposure based on individual-level response. Assessment of toxicity at the population level has predominately focused on the population growth rate (PGR), but the PGR may not be a relevant toxicological endpoint for populations at equilibrium. Equilibrium population size may be a more meaningful endpoint than the PGR because a population with smaller equilibrium size is more susceptible to the negative effects of environmental variability. We address the individual-to-population extrapolation problem with modeling utilizing classical mathematical theory. We developed and analyzed a general model applicable to many freshwater fish species, that includes density-dependent juvenile survival and additional juvenile mortality due to toxicity exposure, and we quantified effect on equilibrium population size as a means of assessing toxicity. Individual-level effects are typically greater than population-level effects until the individual effect is large, due to compensatory density-dependent relationships. These effects are sensitive to the recruitment potential of a population, in particular the low-density first-year survival rate S_b. Assuming high S_b could result in underestimating effects of population-level toxicity. The equilibrium size depends directly on S_b, the reproductive potential, the toxin concentration at which mean mortality is 50% (LC₅₀), and the rate at which individual mortality increases with increasing toxin concentration. More experimental data are needed to decrease the uncertainty in estimating these parameters. We then used existing data for selenium toxicity in bluegill sunfish to parameterize a simulation version of the model as an example to assess the effects of environmental stochasticity on toxicity response. Effects of environmental variability resulted in simulated extinctions at much lower toxin concentrations than predicted deterministically.     

密度和品种对玉米田杂草及玉米产量的影响

通过对玉米田杂草的调查,研究了不同密度和品种对玉米田杂草种类和生物量变化及玉米产量的影响。结果表明:在玉米全生育期内共发现以稗草(Echinochloa colonum(Linn.)Link)、水花生(Alternanthera philoxeroides)、水芹(Lepidiumsativum)等为主的21种杂草,以水芹的重要值最高;随密度的增加杂草的总数量和鲜质量减少;半紧凑型品种对杂草数量和生物量的抑制作用大于紧凑型品种,且产量高出了21.99%。密度对玉米产量的影响差异不显著,以B3(57 000株/hm2)产量最高,比常规密度B1(42 000株/hm2)和高密度B4(64 500株/hm2)的产量提高了14.17%和0.6%。可见,应根据玉米的品种类型,因地制宜地确定适宜的种植密度,以利于高产稳产。     

Insight into selective removal of copper from high-concentration nickel solutions with XPS and DFT: New technique to prepare 5N-nickel with chelating resin

An efficient and profitable separation process was proposed to prepare 5N(the purity of the metal solution reaches 99.999%) high-purity nickel from 3N nickel-solutions using Purolite S984. The adsorption performance of this superior resin, especially its selectivity for metal ions,was explored quantitatively. The maximum adsorption capacity for copper was 2.286 mmol/g calculated by the Langmuir model, which was twice as large as that for nickel. In the binary systems, the adsorption capacity for nickel was decreased by 45%, indicating direct competition for the active sites. The infinite separation factor for copper versus nickel exceeded 300, revealing the feasibility of preparing5N-level high-purity nickel solutions, which was further verified using the 800 BV(bed volume) effluent in the column dynamic process.According to the cost–benefit analysis, purification contributed to a profit of approximately 60,000 USD per cycle, and the investment return period was less than 1/3 years. Density functional theory analysis confirmed that four nitrogen atoms would be involved in the coordination complex and thus a structure involving two five-membered rings could be achieved. The X-ray photoelectron spectra confirmed the involvement of nitrogen atoms,implying a coordination ratio of approximately 1:1.     

基于风险矢量图的多场景保护层分析方法研究*

为解决多场景保护层分析（LOPA）存在的问题,建立风险矢量导图,将事故场景、独立保护层、修正因子、事故后果发生频率等因素进行系统分析,分别采用最大值法求和法计算后果发生频率,探讨多重初始事件导致事故发生频率的最优计算方法;阐述点火源、暴露因子以及致死概率等修正因子的使用方法并提出改进建议,避免常规LOPA下致死概率过高的问题。以柴油加氢装置原料油缓冲罐液位过高风险点为例,进行多场景LOPA,应用综合计算法得出多重初始事件导致的液位高后果失效频率为3.2E-02。结果表明:风险矢量导图和正确使用修正因子可有效提高LOPA的质量;不同初始事件导致的场景失效频率值相差较大或存在共用保护层的情况适用最大值法,其他情况则可采用求和法;如果多场景同时适用最大值法和求和法,则采用综合计算法;求和法过于保守,最大值法过于乐观,综合计算法更为准确。