UNCCD与《中华人民共和国防沙治沙法》比较研究

文章选取了《联合国防治荒漠化公约》和《中华人民共和国防沙治沙法》作为比较对象,从立法背景、性质、基本结构、基本内容等角度对二者进行了比较,并指出了二者的特有之处。从而分析国内法律和国际法律的不同,并提供了我国防治沙漠化中如何借鉴好的做法,并结合自身的实际情况加以吸收的途径。     

腾格里沙漠东南缘春季降尘量和粒度特征

根据腾格里沙漠东南缘风沙科学观测场实测的降尘资料,对该地区春季(3~5月)降尘量和降尘粒度特征进行了研究.结果表明:该地区5月的降尘量最大,其次为4月和3月.春季降尘量的平均值为1053.3kg/hm2.研究区降尘平均粒径较粗,以沙物质为主.分选性较差至很好.偏度近对称至极正偏.峰度中等至很窄.受风速、地表粗糙度和沙源的影响,降尘粒级分布既有单峰,又有双峰和三峰,主要以双峰为主,同时,所有粒径中跃移颗粒约占90%,近距离输送的悬移颗粒占7%左右,而远距离输送的悬移颗粒仅占不到4%.因此可以认为,该地区跃移颗粒的跳跃高度高于前人的研究结果.同时,在腾格里沙漠东南缘的沙漠地区,大气降尘主要以局地的沙粒为主,远源沙尘贡献并不多.     

Isolated Spring Wetlands in the Great Basin and Mojave Deserts,USA: Potential Response of Vegetation to Groundwater Withdrawal

Desert springs, often the sole sources of water for wildlife and cattle, support wetland and wetland/upland transition ecosystems including rare and endemic species. In the basin and range province in Nevada, USA, springs in the Great Basin and Mojave deserts are sustained by interconnected deep carbonate and shallow basin-fill aquifers which are threatened by proposed groundwater withdrawal to sustain rapidly expanding urban areas, a common problem in arid regions worldwide. This paper draws on historic groundwater data, groundwater modeling, and studies of environmental controls of spring ecosystems to speculate on the potential effects of groundwater withdrawal and water table decline on spring-supported vegetation. The focus is on springs in the Great Basin and Mojave deserts representative of those that may be affected by future, planned groundwater withdrawal. Groundwater withdrawal is expected to reduce spring discharge directly through reduced flows from the shallow basin-fill aquifer or through reduction of the hydraulic head of the deep carbonate aquifer. This flow reduction will truncate the outflow stream, reducing the areal cover of wetland and wetland/upland transition vegetation. Lowering the local water table may also reduce the amount of upland phreatophytic vegetation by causing water levels to drop below plant rooting depths. Percolation of salts to surface soils may be reduced, eventually altering desert shrub cover from halophytes to nonhalophytes. The extent of these effects will vary among springs, based on their distance from extraction sites and location relative to regional groundwater flow paths. On-site monitoring of biotic variables (including cover of selected hygrophytes and phreatophytes) should be a necessary complement to the planned monitoring of local hydrologic conditions.     

不同沙生灌木下土壤颗粒及重金属空间分布特征

以乌兰布和沙漠沙冬青、花棒、猫头刺、白刺和梭梭灌木下及流动沙丘0~100 cm风沙土为研究对象,通过野外分层采样与室内实验,采用多重分形理论探讨土壤粒径分布(particle size distribution,PSD)和ω(Mn)、ω(Zn)、ω(Cr)、ω(Cu)、ω(Pb)、ω(Ni)、ω(As)、ω(Cd)及分布特征并分析其相互关系,反映土壤结构及重金属污染状况.结果表明,α(q)-f(q)图像均左偏,呈左钩状,即不同灌木均可增加粒度级配中细小颗粒子集比例,同时,沙冬青、花棒可显著增加PSD范围、非均匀度及离散度.不同灌木下土壤重金属整体表现为ω(Mn)ω(Zn)ω(Cr)ω(Cu)ω(Pb)ω(Ni)ω(As)ω(Cd),除ω(Cu)及ω(Cr)外,各灌木下0~10 cm土层重金属含量大多高于流动沙丘;沙冬青下ω(Mn)、ω(Cd)均值分别为354.899、1.429 mg·kg~(-1),远高于流动沙丘,各土层间差异显著(P0.05),ω(Mn)、ω(Cd)最大值分别出现在30~40 cm、10~20cm土层;花棒下ω(Pb)均值居各灌木之首为13.556 mg·kg~(-1),高于沙冬青3.24%,而ω(As)则低于沙冬青0.37%,但均高于流动沙丘.φ(粉粒)与φ(中砂)分别为决定风沙土中重金属含量的细粒及粗粒土壤,8种重金属均与φ(黏粒)、φ(粉粒)正相关,除ω(Cr)外,其余重金属均与φ(中砂)负相关,重金属含量与多重分形参数间的相关系数与φ(黏粒)、φ(粉粒)、φ(中砂)相似,即多重分形维数同样可较好地描述重金属含量与决定性土壤颗粒间的关系.研究显示,沙冬青及花棒可拦滞风沙流中的细小土壤颗粒使其沉降在周围表层土壤,并更好地改善各土层PSD特征,且二者作用后的风沙土中重金属含量高于其余灌木及流动沙丘,故可通过种植二者局部改良土壤并拦滞、原位固控重金属,减轻下风向城市空气中的重金属污染.     

巴丹吉林沙漠北部沙样中磷的化学赋存形态

文章采用7步连续浸提法对采集于巴丹吉林沙漠北部沙样中磷的各种存在形态进行了分析测定,并对沙样进行了分级形态研究。测定结果表明:在巴丹吉林沙漠北部沙样中总磷(TP)的含量范围为164.28～342.85μg/g,平均含量为275.20μg/g,其主要成分为无机磷(IP),平均含量为264.24μg/g,占TP含量的96.02%;而有机磷(Or-P)平均含量为10.96μg/g,平均占TP的3.98%。在所有不同粒径的沙样中,自生钙结合磷(Ca-P)含量最高,平均为217.17μg/g,占TP的78.91%,其次是原生碎屑磷(De-P),平均含量43.36μg/g,占TP的15.76%,二者占TP的绝大部分;其他各形态磷含量的高低顺序依次为:有机磷(Or-P)、铝结合磷(Al-P)、铁结合态磷(Fe-P)、可交换磷(Ex-P)、闭蓄态磷(Obs-P)。在所取沙漠颗粒物样品中Ca-P、De-P和Ex-P的含量均随沙样粒径的减小而增大;Or-PFe-P的含量随粒径的减小而减小;Obs-P、Al-P、的含量随粒径的变化无特定规律;总磷(TP)含量随沙样粒径的减小而增大。     

Vegetation monitoring using different scale of remote sensing data

This work sets out to simulate landscape model of Mu Us Desert in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China at different spatial resolution using remote sensing images and distinguished landscape heterogeneity among different spatial resolutions. Landscape models were created from classification image of SPOT satellite data with 20m resolution and NOAA data with 1 km resolution. This study created landscape models of different scales by resampling the SPOT classified image using majority rule. The pixel resolution was increased from the finest scale of 20m by 20m up to 1000m by 1000m that was the coarsest spatial resolution. The Shannon diversity index was used to compare landscape models between different scales. At the finer scale the verify small patches such as deciduous forest, shrub and reedswamp with high vegetation coverage set on matrices with low vegetation cover (moving sand dune and sparse grassland) were verified. Broadening of scale resulted to the loss of small patches and at 1000m resolution, matrix classes were dominant. At 1km resolution of NOAA data, the matrix classes which greatly related to the topography of Mu Us Desert were detected. Diversity index decreased during scale broadening and the difference between SPOT 1km scale model and AVHRR data was not significant. The results showed that SPOT 20m model is good for the use of ecotone oriented revegetation planning, and NOAA 1km model is good for the seasonal and annual monitoring of each landscape unit, and revegetation planning at the regional level.     

Atmospheric mineral particles collected at Qira in the Taklamakan Desert, China

Aerosol particles were collected in the situation of the widespread dust suspension on 21 February 1991 at Qira in the southern edge of the Taklamakan Desert, western China. The collected particles were examined by a transmission electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyzer in order to obtain the size and elemental composition of individual mineral particles.On the basis of EDX analyses for 386 particles, mineral particles were present in high number fractions (>99%) of particles in the radius range of 0.1–4 μm. Particles mainly composed of silicates comprised 76% of mineral particles. “Ca-rich” particles were detected in 7% of all the particles. Ca in the particles would be present not only as CaCO₃ but also as an internal mixture of CaCO₃ and CaSO₄. Particles containing halite (NaCl) were detected in number proportions of about 10% and were mainly present in the radius range of 0.5 μm. Some halite particles would be modified by chemical reactions with sulfuric acid.     

Choosing Indicators of Natural Resource Condition: A Case Study in Arches National Park, Utah, USA

/ Heavy visitor use in many areas of the world have necessitated development of ways to assess visitation impacts. Arches National Park recently completed a Visitor Experience and Resource Protection (VERP) plan. Integral to this plan was developing a method to identify biological indicators that would both measure visitor impacts and response to management actions. The process used in Arches for indicator selection is outlined here as a model applicableto many areas facing similar challenges. The steps were: (1) Vegetation types most used by visitors were identified. Impacted and unimpacted areas in these types were sampled, comparing vegetation and soil factors. (2) Variables found to differ significantly between compared sites were used as potential indicators. (3) Site-specific criteria for indicators were developed, and potential indicators evaluated using these criteria. (4) Chosen indicators were further researched for ecological relevancy. (5) Final indicators were chosen, field tested, and monitoring sites designated. In Arches, indicators were chosen for monitoring annually (soil crust index, soil compaction, number of used social trails and soil aggregate stability) and every five years (vegetation cover and frequency; ground cover; soil chemistry; and plant tissue chemistry).KEY WORDS: Biological indicators; Recreation impacts; Recreation management; Desert soils; Trampling     

Learning,retention and coding of nest-associated visual cues by the Australian desert ant, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Melophorus bagoti</Emphasis>

A variety of social insects use visual cues for homing. In this study, we examine the possible factors affecting the learning and retention of nest-associated visual cues by the Australian desert ant Melophorus bagoti and the manner in which such cues are encoded by foraging ants. We placed four prominent cylindrical landmarks around a nest and trained foragers from that nest to a food source. Ants were tested with the landmark array in a distant testing field after (1) a known number of exposures to the landmarks (1, 3, 7 or 15 trials, spread over a period of 1 day, 2 days or ≥3 days) and (2) after a known period of delay (0, 24, 48, 96 or 192 h). The results show that a combination of an increase in training trials and an increase in number of training days affected the acquisition of landmark memory. Moreover, once the landmarks were learnt, they became a part of long-term memory and lasted throughout the ants’ foraging lifetime. To examine visual cue encoding behaviour, ants trained under similar conditions for 4 days were tested with (1) an identical landmark array, (2) landmarks of the same size used in training, but placed at twice the distance from each other, and (3) landmarks whose dimensions were doubled and placed at twice the distance from each other. In conditions (1) and (3), the ants searched extensively at the centre of the four landmarks, suggesting that, similar to the Saharan ant (genus Cataglyphis) and the honeybee, M. bagoti too uses a snapshot to match the view of the landmarks around the nest. But contrary to the snapshot model, in condition (2), the ants did not search extensively at the centre of the landmarks, but searched primarily 0.5 m from the landmark, the distance from each landmark to the nest during training. We discuss how various search models fare in accounting for these findings.     

青藏高原及周边区域沙尘气溶胶三维分布和传输特征

利用MERRA-2再分析资料和CALIPSO星载激光雷达产品,分析了1980—2017年青藏高原和塔克拉玛干沙漠上空沙尘气溶胶的分布和传输特征.对比了MERRA-2与AERONET及MISR的气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）产品,其相关系数分别为0.809和0.776.基于MERRA-2资料分析表明,研究区域沙尘光学厚度（DAOD）按春、夏、秋、冬季依次递减.塔克拉玛干沙漠和青藏高原地区DAOD均在5月达最高值.青藏高原北部DAOD比南部高0.06~0.10,两地区的DAOD值差异在5月最高.自2000年开始,塔克拉玛干沙漠和印度恒河平原DAOD高值区强度和影响范围显著增大,对青藏高原的沙尘输送增强,印度沙尘对青藏高原的影响显著增加.CALIPSO观测表明,青藏高原上空的沙尘主要来自塔克拉玛干沙漠,传输量春季最大,秋、冬季最小;部分来自印度恒河平原,传输主要发生在夏、秋季.塔克拉玛干沙尘通过柴达木盆地向青藏高原传输,最远可至30°N,传输高度在4~8 km.冬季青藏高原上空的沙尘主要来自柴达木盆地.塔克拉玛干沙漠和青藏高原的最大气溶胶消光系数廓线分别出现在春季和夏季.塔克拉玛干沙漠和青藏高原地区沙尘层厚度多年平均值分别为1.00和0.82 km.2007—2017年,塔克拉玛干沙尘层厚度呈下降趋势,年下降率为0.018 km.青藏高原沙尘层厚度春季最大,冬季次之,夏季最小;沙尘层厚度年变化趋势不显著.