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121.
122.
Gavin Hilson 《Natural resources forum》2005,29(2):144-153
Over the past 10–15 years, several governments have implemented an array of technology, support‐related, sustainable livelihoods (SL) and poverty‐reduction projects for artisanal and small‐scale mining (ASM). In the majority of cases, however, these interventions have failed to facilitate improvements in the industry's productivity and raise the living standards of the sector's subsistence operators. This article argues that a poor understanding of the demographics of target populations has precipitated these outcomes. In order to strengthen policy and assistance in the sector, governments must determine, with greater precision, the number of people operating in ASM regions, their origins and ethnic backgrounds, ages, and educational levels. This can be achieved by carrying out basic and localized census work before promoting ambitious sector‐specific projects aimed at improving working conditions in the industry. 相似文献
123.
Richard Frye James W. McFarland 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1980,16(1):31-35
ABSTRACT: The traditional “requirements” approach to water system planning presumes perfectly inelastic demand and arbitrarily selects a fixed water requirement per capita per day as a planning target. Economists have often pointed out that such a policy leads to over-investment in water supply facilities; a superior approach would maximize some measure of net benefits incorporating price-sensitive demand. Using a dynamic programming model to depict an investment problem in Rhode Island, we find that ambiguities about how to incorporate price-sensitive demand into a decision framework may make such an approach as arbitrary as the requirements approach. Water conservation responses may be a function of other social parameters than water price; if so, variations in these social parameters should be regarded as economic alternatives to water supply investments. 相似文献
124.
125.
城市环境污染的治理及经济分析 总被引:8,自引:1,他引:8
随着工业化、城市化进程的迅速推进,它们所带来的城市污染问题日益严重.分析城市环境污染情况,剖析城市环境污染问题产生的根源,从经济学的角度进行分析,对解决这些问题提出了一些对策措施. 相似文献
126.
可持续发展与中国的实践 总被引:9,自引:1,他引:9
文章在分析了60年代末以来全球两次环境革命后,论证了可持续发展源于环境保护的观点,文章概述了中国环境状况,分析了中国环境问题的4个主要成因,就环境保护的目标和任务,针对性地提出搞好环境保护是实施可持续发展的关系,推行清洁生产,实现经济增长方式的转变是中国可持续发展的根本途径和必然选择。文章最后例举了近年来中国环境保护有关的对策,方案和计划,并从经济,法制,科技,教育等诸方面详述了中国实施可持续发展 相似文献
127.
Soil erosion is accelerating in developing countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. It has threatened the livelihood
of millions of peasants, for agriculture is their economic mainstay. A probe into the forces causing erosion reveals that
the elite’s resolve to accumulate ever more wealth and to maintain, consolidate, or expand their sociopolitical power and
the necessity of the poor to fulfill their requirements of food, fuelwood, and fodder are the two major factors accelerating
soil erosion. Unless the vast masses of poor people are integrated into the national mainstream through the implementation
of equitable and redistributive development policies, it is impossible to control the accelerating rate of soil erosion and
thus to achieve the objective of sustainable development.
In this article, the phenomenon “soil erosion” is studied with the sol e focus on causation through anthropogenic factors. 相似文献
128.
James Pipkin 《Environmental management》1996,20(6):793-797
While extinctions of individual species are part of a normal cycle, the current rate of extinctions should be a concern to us all. The maintenance of biological diversity is important for utilitarian reasons, quality of life considerations, and because biodiversity is important to sustainable regional economies. Single-species approaches are too limited to protect biodiversity at the landscape, habitat, and watershed levels. New approaches are necessary to deal with the complexity of biological diversity. The administration is using provisions in the Endangered Species Act to bring about broader multispecies habitat protection. The ecosystem approach provides a framework for ensuring that ecological considerations are taken into account, along with economic and social factors, and that all interested parties are able to participate in the decision-making process. 相似文献
129.
Achieving sustainability by introducing alternative livelihoods 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The millennium ecosystem assessment report on global assessment of desertification has highlighted its worldwide impacts on
the environment—increasing dust storms, floods and global warming—as well as on societies and economies. It links sustainable
management of resources, and inter alia well-being of dryland populations, to reducing societal pressures on dryland ecosystems
through adoption of alternative livelihoods. This paper, in combination with a companion paper by Safriel and Adeel, presents
the conceptual underpinnings of this approach as well as examples of how innovative approaches for creating livelihoods can
help reduce the pressure on marginal drylands. Three case studies presented are based on activities undertaken within a joint
international project called sustainable management of marginal drylands. First, introduction of chicken farming to farmers
in Hunshundake Sandland in northern China has reduced the pressure on grasslands and led to a major recovery of these ecosystems.
Second, development of desert-based aquaculture, with accompanied longer-term storage of water, on the margins of the Cholistan
desert in Pakistan has provided a new source of income for the villagers. Third, development of a new income-generating activity
based on soap production from olive oil in Dana Biosphere Reserve in Jordan has demonstrated that traditional olive farming
can be linked to community-based innovation to create a new, high-demand market for goods. Working with communities to develop
new, sustainable livelihoods that reduce pressure on marginal drylands can thus be used as powerful tool for overcoming and
reversing desertification. 相似文献
130.
《Environmental Hazards》2013,12(3):89-103
Abstract The most dynamic demographic process of the past 250 years has been the movement of people from rural areas to cities. For most of this period urbanisation has been concentrated in economically more developed parts of the world, but during the last 50 years the focus has shifted to economically less developed regions. Urbanisation, particularly in developing countries, has led to increasing global exposure to a variety of natural hazards, not the least of which are risks posed to large cities by volcanoes. In this paper we monitor these demographic changes and detail the various types of volcanic hazard to which cities are exposed. A major eruption affecting a city in a developing country could cause widespread loss of life and regional disruption. Effective response, however, might minimise casualties in a city within a developed nation affected by a major eruption, but the economic impact could have global consequences. We argue that global hazard exposure is often subtle and involves not only the size of a city and the types of volcanic product that may occur, but also the strategic position of the threatened city within the economy of a country and/or region and the fact that volcano-induced tsunami and other consequences of eruptions, such as climatic change, may affect cities far removed from a given eruption site. Mitigation measures informed by both specifc prediction (surveillance) and general prediction (hazard mapping) are providing the potential to reduce hazard exposure. The paper concludes with a consideration of ongoing research, in particular the emphasis currently being placed on conflating hazard analysis with studies of place, economy, society and culture. 相似文献