环境费用效益分析及其应用

1 基本概念费用效益分析,是以新古典经济理论为基础,以寻求最大社会经济福利为目的的经济理论。其目标是改善资源分配的经济效果,追求最大的社会经济效益。环境费用效益分析,是费用效益分析理论与环境科学结合的产物,是全面评价某项活动综合效益的一种方法。本世纪50年代以来,环境费用效益分析方法在水、大气污染的控制,自然资源的保护等领域,得到了日益广泛的应用。其基本思路是,在分析某项活动的经济效益、环境效益的基础上,通过一定的技术手段,将环境效益转换成经济效益(环境效益的货币化),然后将环境效益和经济效益相加,求得综合经济效益。如果该项活动有利于改善环境质量,则环境效益为正值,反之,则为负     

农药与未来农业的发展

评述现代农业生产中使用农药所带来的负面效果，对农作物，畜禽，人体及其他方面所造成的危害，阐明农业生产中减少农药用量，走持续发展道路的现实性和必要性。     

Sustainable urban development — the public health dimension

１　Ｓｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅｕｒｂａｎｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ—ｔｈｅｐｕｂｌｉｃｈｅａｌｔｈｄｉｍｅｎｓｉｏｎＴｏｗｎｓａｎｄｃｉｔｉｅｓａｒｅｃｕｒｒｅｎｔｌｙｔｈｅｆｏｃｕｓｆｏｒｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｐｌａｎｎｉｎｇａｎｄｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｉｎＥｕｒｏｐｅａｎｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓ．Ｆｏｒｍｅｒｌｙ，ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｉａｎｓａｎｄｐｌａｎｎｅｒｓｐｒｉｏｒｉｔｉｚｅｄｉｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌａｎｄｎａｔｉｏｎａｌｌｅｖｅｌｓ，ｗｉｔｈｍａｃｒｏｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｓｅｅｎａｓｔ…     

Options for baselines of the clean development mechanism

The Kyoto Protocol created the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) to allow industrial countries to reach part of their greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction through projects in developing countries. To calculate the achieved emission reduction a reference scenario has to be developed – the baseline. Despite efforts to develop realistic baselines, a certain degree of uncertainty regarding actual reductions will be inevitable. It is therefore necessary to compare the costs (including transaction costs) of developing a baseline against the informational benefit it can be expected to produce. While project-related baselines are already being applied, the proponents of country-related baselines have still to show the applicability of their approach for the CDM. The possibility of quantifying indirect effects and considering market distortions and subsidies through aggregation in the country-related baselines is weighed up by the manipulability and uncertainty of the assumptions required in such a baseline. Thus project-specific baselines are recommended. In cases of severely distorted markets undergoing liberalization or subsidy phase-out, a country-related baseline can be helpful. Sectoral or programme baselines would be suited to large-scale energy and sequestration projects. Moreover it has to be considered whether emission reductions are generally achieved in the context of relocation or done in the context of global emitting capacity expansion.     

广州市水政水资源管理信息系统开发研究

广州市水政水资源管理信息系统是一个基于GIS技术的、客户／服务器结构下的环境信息系统，本文介绍了系统的总体设计与关键技术，该系统是为水资源主管部门进行水资源日常管理而设计的，目的是为了提高水资源管理的科学化，现代化水平，系统开发的关键技术要有服务器数据库建设、客户端与服务器的数据连接以及组件式GIS（MapObjects）的应用。     

土地荒漠化与我国生态移民政策研究

生态移民是把生态环境脆弱地区的人口有计划、有组织地异地搬迁安置,从而达到人口、资源、环境和经济社会的协调发展,是我国实施环境保护基本国策的重要措施之一.通过研究我国的生态移民政策及其实施现状,在分析目前存在的困难和问题的基础上,提出实施生态移民工程所要完善研究的内容和政策措施,以期能够保证我国生态移民工作的顺利推进.     

The importance of compatible beliefs for effective climate policy integration

ABSTRACT

European climate policy faced increasing constraints during the economic and Eurozone crises (2008–2014). The European Commission subsequently refocused policymaking toward integrating climate objectives into other policy areas such as energy and the 2014–2020 European Union (EU) budget. The conditions for successful climate policy integration (CPI) are analyzed, focusing on the compatibility of key actors’ beliefs. In renewable energy policy, CPI was successful as long as the co-benefits and related policy-core beliefs of energy security, rural economic development and climate action coexisted harmoniously. Once conflict among these policy-core beliefs emerged during the biofuels controversy, CPI was weakened as actors with competing economy-focused beliefs controlled the decision-making process. The case of EU budget climate mainstreaming illustrates how actors can add climate objectives into legislation despite meaningful discussion being ‘crowded out’ by other priorities. The findings highlight the importance of low conflict between departments, compatible beliefs and policy priorities for successful CPI.     

Environmental policy evaluation in the EU: between learning,accountability, and political opportunities?

ABSTRACT

Policy evaluation has grown significantly in the EU environmental sector since the 1990s. In identifying and exploring the putative drivers behind its rise – a desire to learn, a quest for greater accountability, and a wish to manipulate political opportunity structures – new ground is broken by examining how and why the existing literatures on these drivers have largely studied them in isolation. The complementarities and potential tensions between the three drivers are then addressed in order to advance existing research, drawing on emerging empirical examples in climate policy, a very dynamic area of evaluation activity in the EU. The conclusions suggest that future studies should explore the interactions between the three drivers to open up new and exciting research opportunities in order to comprehend contemporary environmental policy and politics in the EU.     

Climate laws in small European states: symbolic legislation and limits of diffusion in Ireland and Finland

ABSTRACT

The past decade has seen the introduction of framework climate change laws in several countries. The development of climate laws in two small European states, Ireland and Finland, both of which introduced national climate laws in 2015, are examined. Two questions are addressed. First, to what extent do later adopters of climate policy instruments draw on the examples of pioneering legislation? Second, how and why are pioneering climate policy instruments modified by later adopters? In both cases, the 2008 UK Climate Change Act was a source of inspiration in the early stages, particularly for civil society campaigns. Thereafter, domestic interests mobilised to remove from legislative proposals the most pioneering and ambitious parts of the UK model. The result, in both cases, was enactment of climate laws that resembled only very loosely the UK Climate Change Act.     

Das neue Chemikalienprogramm von UNEP Chemicals

Zusammenfassung  UNEP International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals (IRPTC) wurde von der ersten VN-Umweltkonferenz 1972 geschaffen. Sein Einfu? und Zusammenwirken in den 80ziger Jahren mit anderen internationalen Programmen der WHO, FAO, OECD und EG in der Chemikalienkontrolle wird beschrieben. Nach dem Erdgipfel von Rio 1992 werden im VN-Rahmen drei neue Gremien gebildet, die das Fachprogramm des Kapitels 19 der Agenda 21 (umweltfreundliches Chemikalienmanagement) umsetzen sollen: die United nations Commission of Sustainable Development, das Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety und das Interorganization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals. Der Erdgipfel brachte auch für IRPTC eine Neuorientierung. Seit 1996 hat UNEP Chemicals, wie sich IRPTC nunmehr nennt, drei Aufgaben in sein Arbeitsprogramm aufgenommen, die beschrieben werden: das internationale übereinkommen zum Prior Informed Consent, das internationale übereinkommen zur Kontrolle der Persistent Organic Pollutants, und schlie?lich sein traditionelles Arbeitsgebiet des Informations-austausches über Stoffe wird weitergeführt.

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