景观湖泊黑臭水体生态修复措施和效果——以武汉市金湖生态修复工程为例

为修复受到污染呈黑臭状态的金湖水体,建设金银湖国家湿地公园,在分析金湖水质、底质概况及黑臭水体成因的基础上,采取点源污染、面源污染、内源污染同步控制和边治理边修复的方法,在不进行大规模清淤、不扰动水体情况下建设湖滨缓冲带,对湖泊底质进行修复。结果表明：湖泊水质得到了明显改善,各项水质指标均低于《城市黑臭水体整治工作指南》中的轻度黑臭标准限值,修复后水质达到了地表水Ⅲ类标准;在中央环保督察组巡视反馈重点整治湖泊水质变化报告中被评为“好转”等级,实现了黑臭水体治理以及生态修复的目标。该治理修复案例可为城市内陆景观湖泊生态修复提供参考。     

利用造纸黑液回收电镀废液中铬的研究

本文报道了利用造纸黑液回收电镀废液中铬的方法，阐明了造纸黑液中所含有还原性物质与Ｃｒ＾６＋的反应机理；讨论了进行反应的最佳条件以及采用这一方法对废液的治理效果。     

长三角地区吸收性气溶胶时空分布特征

利用2008～2017年OMI/Aura OMAERUV L2气溶胶数据集,研究了近10年长三角地区吸收性气溶胶的时空分布特征.结果表明:①在时间分布上,长三角地区气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)与吸收性气溶胶光学厚度(AAOD)的年际变化趋势一致,均为先升后降,于2011年达最高值,分别为0. 702和0. 056.月际变化显示AAOD高值多发生在1、3和6月,11月到次年1月明显增加.②在空间分布上,长三角地区AAOD呈北高南低分布,AOD与AAOD分布相似,AAOD 0. 05的高值区主要集中在安徽北部、江苏北部以及南京、杭州和金华等地区. AAOD与AOD季节空间分布均为春冬高,秋季较低,但二者不同的是,夏季AOD很大,AAOD却很小.长三角地区AAOD和AOD的年均空间分布与黑碳贡献量一致.     

Experimental Investigation on The Igniting Fire Sources in Wildland Fire

试图通过试验,研究从林火点火源的红外辐射谱特性确定火焰性质的方法。为此,研制了模拟试验台,可以同时测定各特征火焰区的红外辐射谱和平均温度。用普朗克定律和维恩位移定律对试验数据进行了处理。对三种典型的引火源（烟头、树枝和纸）进行研究的结果表明：引火源的辐射特征波长在１．１－２．１ｕｍ,３．８－４．０ｕｍ,７．８－８．２ｕｍ波段内分布,此波长与各火焰区的特征温度存在对应关系。辐射温度随波长变化。在短波长处较低,此结果与将火焰辐射处理成黑体辐射时的普朗克定律大致相符     

脱木素工艺处理造纸废水的实践与机理

脱木素工艺为中小制浆企业的黑液治理提供了新的方法。系统中酸化纤维污泥减小碱木素胶粒间的斥力 ,吸附废水中已析出的木质素和细小纤维 ;酸破坏了系统中胶体的水化膜 ,增大了胶体的粒径 ;混凝剂中和胶体表面电荷 ,增加颗粒间的接触机会 ,同时发挥了絮凝沉降的作用。该工艺与传统工艺相比 ,减少了酸及混凝剂的用量 ,木素沉降速度快。当试验废水pH =5、绝干纤维污泥与进水CODCr质量之比为 1.1、硫酸铝投加量为 160mg/L时 ,CODCr去除率高于 63 %。     

ICP-AES法测定茶汤中重金属的方法研究

为有效测定茶汤中有害重金属元素,文章采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-AES)法,测定了茶汤中的Cu,Fe,Mn,Zn,Cr,Cd等重金属元素含量。在回收试验中,铜的平均回收率为101%,镉的平均回收率为95.4%,锰的平均回收率为118%,镍的平均回收率为87.4%,铁的平均回收率为118%。实验结果表明:该方法快速简单,有助于推广和应用。     

黑钨渣的酸分解与萃取工艺优化研究

采用X—射线荧光和粉末衍射分析了钨渣的元素组成及赋存方式,采用酸分解—萃取工艺富集了钨,研究了最佳的酸分解—萃取工艺条件。     

稻草制浆黑液生物＋混凝处理试验

通过对稻草制浆黑液厌氧、好氧、混凝处理组合工艺的试验研究,探索该工艺的可行性,考察了不同温度、不同有机负荷下,该类废水的生物处理效果以及后续混凝效果。结果表明：中温35℃是厌氧阶段最佳处理温度,好氧阶段不同负荷条件下,CODCr去除率基本相同;经厌氧－好氧处理,黑液CODCr和木质素去除率分别为80％和30％,色度去除不明显;混凝阶段CODCr和木质素去除率分别为70％和90％,色度去除率达90％以上,出水达到国家标准。     

Accumulation of Fluoride and Aluminium Related to Different Varieties of Tea Plant

Samples of young shoot, mature leaf, twig, root, and litter were taken from four recently bred varieties Zhe-nong 113, Zhe-nong 121, Zi-sun, and Bi-feng grown at two tea plantations located at Zhejiang and Jiangsu Provinces. The results showed that the concentrations of F and Al in tea plants were significantly different among the four varieties. It is therefore possible that F and Al concentrations in tea products can be reduced through variety selection. The results also revealed that old leaves would be the major contribution to the high levels of F and Al in brick tea since it is produced mainly for old leaves. Therefore, in order to eliminate the hazard of over-exposure to F and Al derived from tea, younger shoot should be used for making tea products while mature leaves should be avoided.     

Enrichment of potentially toxic elements in areas underlain by black shales and slates in Korea

The Okchon black shale in Korea provides an important example of natural geological materials containing toxic elements; the Chung-Joo, Duk-Pyung, Geum-Kwan, I-Won and Chu-Bu areas are underlain by these black shales and slates of the Guryongsan Formation. This formation is part of the Okchon Group which is found in the central part of Korea. Geochemical surveys were undertaken in these five study areas in the Okchon Zone in order to examine the level of enrichment and dispersion patterns of potentially toxic elements in rocks and soils. After appropriate preparation, samples were analysed by instrumental neutron activation analysis and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry for a range of elements. Arsenic, Cu, Mo, V, U and Zn are highly enriched in the Okchon black shales and their mean concentrations are significantly higher than those in black slates. These elements are closely associated with one another from a geochemical viewpoint and may be enriched simultaneously. Mean concentrations of As, Mo and U in soils derived from black shales occurring in the Duk-Pyung and Chu-Bu areas are higher than the permissible level suggested by Kloke (1979), and the enrichment index decreases in the order of Duk- Pyung > Chu-Bu > Chung-Joo > Geum-Kwan = I-Won areas. Uranium-bearing minerals such as uraninite and brannerite have been identified in black shales from the Chung-Joo area by electron probe micro-analysis. Uraninite grains are closely associated with monazite and pyrite with a grain size ranging from 2m to 10m whereas brannerite grains occur as a euhedral form 50m in diameter.