青海湖流域六类土壤表土有机碳黑碳含量特征及其储量

根据青海湖流域土壤类型图采集了49 个表土样品,研究了这些样品的有机碳和黑碳的 含量特征及其储量。研究得出：六类土壤的有机碳含量都比较高,说明青海湖流域土壤的储碳能 力比较强;总体来说,六类土壤的黑碳含量都不高,但是焦炭的含量是相当高的,而烟炱的含量 较低;焦炭和黑碳的相关性极高,说明焦炭是黑碳的主要组成部分,并且说明二者具有相同的来 源;由于焦炭主要是由生物质燃烧生成的,故而这六类土壤的黑碳也多是由生物质燃烧生成的; 六类土壤总面积为18416.15 km² （占流域土壤总面积的78%）,有机碳总储量为119.56×106 t, 黑碳总储量为4.36×106 t。     

梭鱼草净化黑臭河水的日变化试验研究

测定了曝气和非曝气的2个植物净化槽在1 d中7个不同时间点的出水水质理化指标(pH、DO、COD、NH_4~+-N、TP)及植物叶片的叶绿素(Chla)、可溶性蛋白(SP)含量及过氧化物酶(POD)活性,另设空白槽为对照;试验目的是研究各指标的日变化情况及相互关系,为提高梭鱼草净化黑臭河水的处理效率及其植物净化槽的合理优化运行提供科学依据.结果表明,各水槽内所测指标的变化均在一定程度上与光强变化相关,对非曝气植物槽的分析发现,在出水理化指标中TP浓度与光强的相关性最好(r=0.93,p<0.01),而在植物生理指标中SP含量与光强相关性最好(r=0.91,p<0.01);植物处理使出水的DO日均值增加了0.13 mg/L,而曝气植物处理则使其增加了1.8 mg/L,曝气是对城市黑臭河水进行植物净化修复的必要辅助手段;曝气植物槽对黑臭河水中COD和NH_4~+-N的去除率日均值比植物槽升高了7.1%和6.3%(p<0.01),TP去除率却相应下降了38%(p<0.01);与非曝气槽植物相比,曝气槽植物体内Chla、SP日平均含量显著降低(p<0.05)而POD活性显著升高(p<0.05);光强和曝气的变化能迅速而显著地影响梭鱼草的生理特性从而改善其净化槽出水水质,是构建和优化黑臭河水植物净化槽时值得考虑的重要调控因素.     

开放体系下产酸白腐菌连续处理造纸黑液研究

研究了产酸白腐菌CoriolusSp.S1在开放环境下连续曝气处理造纸黑液。在连续50d处理过程中,产酸白腐菌可以稳定的连续处理黑液,与进水相比,出水中COD降幅最高达到53.73%,脱色率平均可以达到73.74%,木质素去除率达到45.66%,为白腐菌应用于造纸黑液的治理提供了一定的基础。     

利用废茶制备活性炭及其吸附性能的研究

实验利用提取茶多酚后的废茶以微波磷酸活化法制备活性炭,研究磷酸活化剂浓度、微波功率、微波辐照时间、浸渍比等因素对制备的活性炭亚甲基蓝吸附值的影响。分别通过单一因素分析及正交实验,找到制备活性炭的最佳条件：微波功率700W、辐照时间8min、磷酸浓度20％、磷酸／样品浸渍（质量）比3：1。利用该最佳条件制备的活性炭,验证实验表明：亚甲基蓝吸附值均〉75．12mg/g,活性炭平均回收率达到65．28％。     

表面活性剂对苯并[a]芘在黑炭表面吸附解吸的影响

通过静态吸附实验,研究了3种不同类型的表面活性剂(阳离子∶十六烷基三甲基溴化铵,CTAB;阴离子∶十二烷基苯磺酸钠,SDBS∶非离子,曲拉通100,TX100)对苯并[a]芘(BaP)在黑炭表面吸附解吸的影响.结果表明,3种表面活性剂的存在均会增加BaP在黑炭表面吸附的非线性程度.CTAB的存在可以促进BaP在黑炭表面的吸附同时抑制了BaP的解吸,然而SDBS的存在降低了BaP在黑炭表面的吸附并增加了吸附过程的可逆性.与CTAB和SDBS不同,TX100对BaP在黑炭表面吸附解吸的影响取决于其添加浓度.低浓度的TX100(50 mg.L-1)能够促进BaP在黑炭上的吸附并抑制BaP的解吸,吸附能力参数Kd值(在ce=50μg.L-1下)从188 062 mL.g-1增大到264 179 mL.g-1,解吸滞后指数HI从0.44降低到0.39.随着TX100浓度增加到150 mg.L-1和200 mg.L-1,TX100对BaP的吸附表现出抑制作用并能够促进BaP的解吸,Kd值(在ce=50μg.L-1下)从188 062 mL.g-1分别降低到182 751 mL.g-1和178 730 mL.g-1,解吸滞后指数从0.44分别升高到0.65和0.70.本研究为预测多环芳烃在表面活性剂污染的环境中的分布特征和最终归趋提供了理论依据.     

Identification and expression of the COI1 gene family in Camellia sinensis and its expression in oolong tea processing北大核心CSCD

茉莉酸受体蛋白COI1(coronatine insensitive 1)是茉莉酸信号转导途径的重要组成部分,为鉴定分析茶树茉莉酸受体COI1基因家族,预测其潜在的分子功能,了解茉莉酸受体COI1基因在乌龙茶加工中应答胁迫的分子机制,利用生物信息学方法对茶树茉莉酸受体COI1进行家族成员鉴定,氨基酸序列、结构域、基因结构、进化分析以及启动子顺式元件分析,结合实时荧光定量分析CsCOI1基因在乌龙茶加工中的表达.结果显示,茶树茉莉酸受体CsCOI1家族有两个成员,均含有F-box和富亮氨酸重复序列(LRRs)两个结构域;单子叶、双子叶的COI1蛋白各聚一支,且与蜜柑进化关系较近;茶树COI1基因家族两个成员均含有3个内含子,启动子顺势元件主要有胁迫响应元件、激素响应元件以及光响应元件;转录组数据说明茶树CsCOI1基因具有较强的组织表达差异性.实时荧光定量分析表明,CsCOI1a基因在室内萎凋后表达显著上调,且15 min、30 min日光萎凋后CsCOI1b基因的表达水平显著上调,同时茉莉酸含量发生显著变化.本研究推测CsCOI1基因可能通过茉莉酸信号转导途径参与乌龙茶加工中萎凋的胁迫响应过程,该结果可为乌龙茶加工品质调控奠定基础.(图8表2参30)     

Understanding why consumers in China switch between wild,farmed, and synthetic bear bile products

An important rationale for legally farmed and synthetic wildlife products is that they reduce illegal, wild-sourced trade by supplying markets with sustainable alternatives. For this to work, more established illegal-product consumers must switch to legal alternatives than new legal-product consumers switch to illegal wild products. Despite the widespread debate on the magnitude and direction of switching, studies among actual consumers are lacking. We used an anonymous online survey of 1421 traditional Chinese medicine consumers in China to investigate switching among legal farmed, synthetic, and illegal wild bear bile. We examined the past consumption behavior, applied a discrete choice experiment framed within worsening hypothetical disease scenarios, and used latent class models to investigate groups with shared preferences. Bear bile consumers (86% respondents) were wealthier, more likely to have family who consumed bile, and less knowledgeable about bile treatments than nonconsumers. Consumer preferences were heterogenous, but most consumer preferences switched between bile types as disease worsened. We identified five distinct latent classes within our sample: law-abiding consumers (34% respondents), who prefer legal products and were unlikely to switch; two all-natural consumer groups (53%), who dislike synthetics but may switch between farmed and wild; and two nonconsumer groups (12%), who prefer not to buy bile. People with past experience of bile consumption had different preferences than those without. Willingness to switch to wild products was related to believing they were legal, although the likelihood of switching was mediated by preferences for cheaper products sold in legal, familiar places. We found that consumers of wild bile may switch to legal alternatives, given the availability of a range of products, whereas legal-product consumers may switch to illegal products if the barriers to doing so are small. Understanding preferences that promote or impede switching should be a key consideration when attempting to predict consumer behavior in complex wildlife markets.     

黑水虻对三种病原菌的杀灭作用研究

畜牧业的蓬勃发展带来了愈发严重的畜禽粪便病原菌污染问题,黑水虻作为一种重要的资源昆虫,其幼虫能有效杀灭畜禽粪便中的病原菌,并生产出有价值的附加产品.为探究黑水虻幼虫杀灭畜禽粪便中病原菌的具体规律和机制,开展了黑水虻幼虫杀灭大肠杆菌O157∶H7(Escherichia coli O157∶H7)、沙门氏菌(Salmon...     

Assessing the Potential Effects of Fungicides on Nontarget Gut Fungi (Trichomycetes) and Their Associated Larval Black Fly Hosts

Fungicides are moderately hydrophobic and have been detected in water and sediment, particularly in agricultural watersheds, but typically are not included in routine water quality monitoring efforts. This is despite their widespread use and frequent application to combat fungal pathogens. Although the efficacy of these compounds on fungal pathogens is well documented, little is known about their effects on nontarget fungi. This pilot study, a field survey in southwestern Idaho from April to December 2010 on four streams with varying pesticide inputs (two agricultural and two reference sites), was conducted to assess nontarget impact of fungicides on gut fungi, or trichomycetes. Tissues of larval black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae), hosts of gut fungi, were analyzed for pesticide accumulation. Fungicides were detected in hosts from streams within agricultural watersheds but were not detected in hosts from reference streams. Gut fungi from agricultural sites exhibited decreased percent infestation, density and sporulation within the gut, and black fly tissues had elevated pesticide concentrations. Differences observed between the sites demonstrate a potential effect on this symbiotic system. Future research is needed to parse out the details of the complex biotic and abiotic relationships; however, these preliminary results indicate that impacts to nontarget organisms could have far‐reaching consequences within aquatic ecosystems.     

2008北京残奥会期间大气黑碳气溶胶污染特征

利用单颗粒黑碳光度计(SP2)对2008年残奥会期间北京市黑碳(BC)气溶胶的质量浓度、粒径分布及单颗粒混合态进行连续在线观测.结果表明:观测期间BC浓度均值为1.65μg/m3,低于往年同期水平;质量粒径分布呈单峰型,峰值位于207nm;内混态BC比例平均为56.1%,高于其他国内外城市,说明本地源排放贡献相对较小.随大气边界层高度及本地源排放变化,BC浓度在上午8:00和午夜0:00出现2个峰值,内混态BC比例日变化趋势与之相反.风向风速分析表明,残奥会期间来自五环外未限行区域的机动车排放对市区BC浓度有明显影响.