壳聚糖对烟草抗黑胫病的作用

研究表明,壳聚糖除了对烟草黑胫病菌（Ｐｈｙｔｏｐｈｔｈｏｒａ ｐａｒａｓｉｔｉｃａ）有抑制作用外,还能诱导烟草植株的抗病性。烟苗经浓度为０．５ｇＬ＾－１和１ｇＬ＾－１的壳聚糖处理４ｄ后,诱导效应分别为７８．５６％和１００％,用浓度为１ｇＬ＾－１的壳聚糖处理烟草幼苗,叶片中的苯丙氨酸解氨酶（ＰＡＬ）、过氧化物酶（ＰＯ）和多酶氧化酶（ＰＰＯ）３种防御酶的活性均比ＣＫ有所提高。     

Carbon black-benzo(a)pyrene complex-induced apoptosis and autophagy blockage in rat alveolar macrophages

Abstract

Cooking of foods and the burning of biomass and fossil fuels in stoves are the main sources of cooking fumes, with carbon black and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as main components. The toxicity of carbon black and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons has been well studied individually, but the combined toxicity is much less understood. Carbon black can adsorb benzo(a)pyrene to form a complex which displays an altered physical form which in this study has been constructed to simulate particles in the cooking fumes and explore the combined toxic effect on rat alveolar macrophages. The complex-induced cell apoptosis and blocked cell autophagy flux compared with both individually. The mechanism of toxicity may be by intracellular reactive oxygen species generation, impairing the mitochondrial membrane potential and activating apoptosis signaling pathways.     

不同植茶年龄茶园蒸散速率的日变化——以宜兴市为例

以宜兴市盛道茶场3、9和20 a 3个不同植茶年龄的茶园为研究对象,基于静态箱/红外气体分析仪法,辅以植被生态监测和土壤湿度监测,研究茶园清明采茶前蒸散速率日变化特征。结果发现：（1）3个不同植茶年龄的茶园日蒸散速率变化趋势一致,呈以12〖DK〗∶00~15〖DK〗∶00蒸散速率为峰值的单峰曲线;（2）虽然3 a茶园叶面积指数（LAI）最低,但最大平均日蒸散速率、一日内蒸散速率的极值、6〖DK〗∶00~18〖DK〗∶00最大总蒸散量、一日内不同时段的蒸散速率最大变化幅度均出现在3 a茶园;（3）茶园日蒸散速率与气温的日变化趋势相似,且两者存在极显著相关性（R2=081*〖KG-*2〗*）,在湿润条件下与土壤含水率日变化相关性不明显,但两者呈相反的变化趋势     

厌氧生物降解活性黑KN-B5

研究了在葡萄糖作为共代谢基质时活性黑KN-B5的降解效果。实验结果表明:当葡萄糖质量浓度为1 500m g/L时,活性黑KN-B5初始质量浓度为30m g/L的染料溶液厌氧生物降解24h和48h后的降解率分别达到77.5%和90.3%;活性黑KN-B5的厌氧降解符合一级动力学方程,其反应速率常数为0.043 6h-1,半衰期为15.9h;葡萄糖质量浓度的增大对提高活性黑KN-B5厌氧生物降解效果有利。紫外-可见光谱扫描结果表明,活性黑KN-B5的降解过程中生成了小分子芳香胺类化合物;扫描电子显微镜照片表明污泥中对活性黑KN-B5起降解作用的菌种主要是杆菌和球菌。     

几种模拟处理方式污泥淋出液重金属与养分特征

为了减少城市污泥重金属对农田的污染,更好地实现污泥农业资源化利用,通过盆栽实验研究不同处理(对照、黑网、附Fe黑网、附Fe黑网+K2SO4及附Fe黑网+玉米)对城市污泥淋出液重金属和养分含量等的影响。结果表明,黑网可降低污泥淋出液的Zn﹑Cd总量,且没有减少污泥淋出液中氮、磷和钾的总量。Fe(OH)3可使淋出液中Zn总量降低,但同时也显著减少了淋出液中的磷总量。K2SO4可降低淋出液中的Cu总量,且促进Fe结合磷的释放。玉米的种植可使污泥的总重降低,同时玉米籽粒和茎叶重金属含量达到饲料标准。综合来看,任何处理每次淋出液的Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd浓度均符合农田灌溉水标准,淋出液氮、磷、钾量占原污泥中氮、磷、钾总量的比例(0.98%～9.88%)远远大于重金属元素(Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd)占原污泥对应重金属总量的比例(0.04%～0.41%),污泥淋出液作为农田灌溉水进行肥水利用将是污泥农业资源化利用的适合途径,同时黑网+玉米处理可能是较理想的污泥综合处理利用方式。     

吉林省农田黑土中Cd、Pb、As含量的空间分布特征

利用地统计学方法研究了吉林省黑土区耕层土壤(0～20cm)中Cd、Pb、As含量的空间结构及其分布特征.结果表明,研究区土壤Pb含量属中等程度的空间相关,而Cd、As含量属空间弱相关.3种元素含量的空间变异主要受人为的随机性因素的影响.利用半方差函数的分析结果经普通克立格插值得到了3种元素含量的空间分布图.结果显示,在空间分布上,受不同污染源的影响,土壤Cd、Pb、As含量表现出不同的分布特征.土壤Cd含量较高的地区主要分布于煤矿区周围;土壤Pb含量高的样点主要分布于城郊及公路两侧;煤矿区周围及城郊农田土壤中As含量相对较高.     

亚热带红壤丘陵区茶园土壤中Al和F的分布特征及其影响因素

以化学浸提的方法研究了亚热带红壤丘陵区茶园土壤中活性Al和F的溶出和剖面分布特征.结果表明,各浸提液对Al的浸提能力顺序为:1mol/L HCl>1mol/L NH4AC(pH4.8)>1mol/L KCl(pH5.5)>H₂O(pH6.8).同样,在4种浸提态F中,1mol/L HCl所提取F的含量最高,含量范围为6.62～38.8mg/kg,1mol/L KCl与1mol/L NH₄AC所提取F含量次之,分别为4.57～28.1mg/kg和5.76～32.17 mg/kg,水溶性F的含量最低,含量范围为0.95～4.18mg/kg.各浸提态Al和F主要集中于0～3cm的表层,土壤剖面分布有上高下低的特征.水溶性Al与F存在线性回归关系,其他各浸提态Al和相关浸提态F之间也为显著的正相关关系.土壤中各浸提态Al和F含量随植茶年限的增长而增加,同时也受土壤母质、土壤pH值和有机质影响.     

声波团聚技术消除储能电站火灾烟雾的实验研究

为探究声波团聚技术对于储能电站火灾烟雾的清除作用,搭建了声波团聚实验台,利用炭黑颗粒气溶胶模拟储能电站的火灾烟雾,探究了声波频率、声压级和初始烟雾浓度等参数对声波团聚效果的影响.结果表明:在声压级为140 dB、频率为1 000 Hz的声波作用下,在20 s时间内火灾烟雾的透光率从22％提高到了90％;当声压级由135...     

黑色岩系岩石样品中黑碳含量测定和误差分析

文章对黑碳的基本概念、研究现状和意义、及测定方法进行了综合评述,并将辉长岩和粉晶石墨标样按不同比例配成实验标样进行黑碳测量实验,证明实验方法具有较好的可行性;对不同类型的样品进行的额外氧化实验表明其氧化损失率是各不相同的;采用化学方法测量黑色岩系岩石样品中的黑碳含量为6.5821%,通过一次性定量黑碳实验流程和平行样品分步实验,测得实验偏差为3.77%。其中HF-HCl单步处理偏差为1.99%,而K2Cr2O7氧化处理单步实验的偏差为3.11%。实验表明测量黑色岩系岩石样品中黑碳含量的化学实验方法是行之有效的。     

Impact of nitrogen fertilizer source on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from three different agricultural soils during freezing conditions

ABSTRACT

Nitrogen (N) application is the main agricultural management that increases nitrous oxide (N₂O) concentration in the atmosphere. Freezing conditions are common phenomenon in the northern China that significantly affect soil N₂O emissions through alterations in nutrients availability and microbial population. To develop a comprehensive understanding of how N fertilizer managements affect soil N₂O emissions during the freezing process, a lab incubation was conducted in three typical cultivated soils (black soil, fluvo-aquic soil, or loess soil) by adding different N fertilizer sources, including ammonium chloride, sodium nitrate, or urea at different N levels (0, 80, 200, or 500 mg N/kg) at the start of freezing. The N₂O emissions in the fluvo-aquic soil were significantly higher than in other soils. The application of nitrate in the fluvo-aquic soil promoted N₂O emissions by five- and seven-fold higher compared to ammonium chloride and urea, whereas N₂O emissions in black soil were enhanced by application of ammonium chloride. Data indicate that denitrification is the major pathway for N₂O production in the fluvo-aquic soil during the freezing process, while ammonia oxidation responses accounts for elevated N₂O production in black soil. No significant influence of N fertilizer levels on N₂O emissions were found during soil freezing. These results suggest that agricultural practices that focus on mitigation of N₂O emissions need to avoid selection of nitrate as N fertilizer source in fluvo-aquic soil prior to the freezing season. Future studies need to focus on how the expression of enzymes and/or shifts in microbial communities respond to different N fertilizers during freezing conditions.