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101.
102.
选取辽河盘锦段至河口近岸海域区域进行研究水体中氨氮、硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮的分布特征及其与溶解氧的关系进行研究。结果表明水中氮素含量高于海水,且氨氮表现尤为突出,可能与水体中溶解氧含量和微生物环境、海水的稀释和迁移有很大关系;河水中氮素与溶解氧的呈显著负相关,而海水中氮素与溶解氧的关系不明显。这可能与海水的质化作用有关。 相似文献
103.
用GC/ECD内标法定量法首次测定了广西桂林漓江沉积柱中19种有机氯农药(OCPs)的含量,结果表明:漓江沉积柱芯中OCPs浓度范围为4.75~489.4ng/g(均值43.26ng/g),在国内处于中等污染水平。OCPs、HCHs表现出下游污染程度高于上游,但DDTs则相反,这是由于上游的取样点蚂蟥洲附近有大量餐饮业造成的。沉积柱垂直分布表明,漓江近期受到人为污染影响。总体上漓江沉积物中HCHs污染大于DDTs,符合当地的农药使用历史。同分异构体比值表明研究区DDT主要是历史使用农药残留并得到了较好的降解,且以厌氧生物降解为主,当地在使用三氯杀螨醇可能性不大;沉积物中工业六六六尚未降解完全,同时周围可能有林丹输入。 相似文献
104.
105.
通过对广州、兰州和昆明等城市排水系统中H2S的溢出浓度、管网参数与水质指标等进行实地监测,考察不同区域城市排水系统中H2S溢出规律.结果表明,不同城市排水系统中H2S的溢出浓度与当地居民生活习惯相关,并具有明显的时段特征;在相同监测时段内,不同区域H2S溢出浓度与溶解氧浓度(DO)、有机物浓度、硫化物浓度、硫酸盐浓度以及污水流量有关.单样本K-S检验结果表明,不同区域城市排水系统H2S的溢出浓度具有相同分布规律,均近似服从正态分布.独立样本t检验结果表明,广州与兰州H2S的溢出浓度没有显著差异,但与昆明的H2S溢出浓度则具有显著差异. 相似文献
106.
Water samples from 20 locations on rivers in the Tongzhou District of Beijing were collected four times from July 2005 to
March 2006. In addition, sediment samples were collected in July 2005. All samples were analyzed for 16 US Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) priority pollutants polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The concentration, distribution, seasonal variation,
and sources of the 16 PAH compounds identified in the water samples, suspended particles, and surface sediments were then
evaluated. The concentrations of PAHs in the water and suspended particle and surface sediment samples ranged from 87.3 to
1,890 ng l−1, 1,330 to 27,700 ng g−1, and 156 to 8,650 ng g−1, respectively. These results demonstrated that rivers in the Tongzhou District of Beijing had a high level of PAH pollution,
especially in the suspended particles. The highest and lowest concentrations of PAHs in the water samples were observed in
summer and spring. However, the seasonal variations in the concentration of PAHs in the suspended particles were more complicated.
The dominant compounds in the water, suspended particle, and surface sediment samples were two-, three- and four-ring PAH
compounds, respectively. Ratio analysis illustrated that fuel-burning was the primary source of PAHs in the study area. Gasoline,
diesel, coal, and coke oven sources were identified and the contributions of the different fuel-burning sources were then
calculated using factor analysis and multiple linear regression. These analyses revealed that coal combustion, gasoline combustion
plus coke oven emission, and diesel combustion accounted for 38.8%, 38.5%, and 22.7% of the PAHs in suspended particles, respectively. 相似文献
107.
108.
The Evolution of the Environmental Quality Concept: From the US EPA Red Book to the European Water Framework Directive 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Vighi M Finizio A Villa S 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2006,13(1):9-14
- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2006.01.003
Background Water Quality Criteria were firstly defined in the 1970s by the EPA in the USA and the EIFAC in Europe, recognizing the need
for protecting water quality in order to allow the use of water resources by man. In the 1990s, the European Commission emphasized
the importance of safeguarding structure and function of biologic communities. These approaches were chemically-based. The
European Water Framework Directive (WFD) substantially changes the concept of Water Quality, by assuming that a water body
needs to be protected as an environmental good and not as a resource to be exploited. In this frame, the biological-ecological
quality assumes a prevailing role.
Main Features The Water Quality concept introduced by the WFD is a challenge for environmental sciences. Reference conditions should be
defined for different typologies of water bodies and for different European ecoregions. Suitable indicators should be developed
in order to quantify ecological status and to define what a 'good' ecological status is. Procedures should be developed for
correlating the deviation from a good ecological to the effects of multiple stressors on function and structure of the ecosystem.
The protection of biodiversity becomes a key objective. In this frame, the traditional procedures for ecotoxicological risk
assessment, mainly based on laboratory testing, should be overcome by more site-specific approaches, taking into account the
characteristics and the homeostatic capabilities of natural communities. In the paper an overview of the present knowledge
and of the new trends in ecotoxicology to get these objectives will be given. A procedure is suggested based on the concept
of Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD).
Recommendations and Perspective . The need for more site-specific and ecologically-oriented approaches in ecotoxicology is strongly recommended. The development
of new tools for implementing the concept of 'Stress Ecology' has been recently proposed by van Straalen (2003). In the same
time, more 'cological realism'is needed in practically applicable procedures for regulatory purposes. 相似文献
109.
大气污染物的源排放是形成灰霾天气的内因,气象条件是形成灰霾天气的外因。本研究通过构建PM_(2.5)浓度的两段式分布滞后模型,结合自然环境因素及经济因素对PM_(2.5)的影响因素进行了综合分析。在第一段模型中构建了PM_(2.5)和大气污染物排放量的分布滞后模型,第二段模型中构建了不同的大气污染源对大气污染物排放量的影响因素模型。大气污染物排放源主要包括工业源、生活源、机动车源、集中式污染治理设施源。在工业源中,工业废气重度污染行业是大气污染物排放主要的贡献者;在生活源中,燃煤消费量对大气污染物排放影响很大,这也是冬季供暖期间PM_(2.5)剧增的原因;在机动车源中,尽管黄标车的保有量仅占汽车保有量的10%左右,但却占据了颗粒物排放量的绝大部分。利用京津冀代表性城市PM_(2.5)日度数据研究得出平均气温、平均风速、日照时数、平均气压、降雨量、平均相对湿度、沙尘暴等因素对PM_(2.5)浓度的负向与正向作用。研究发现,大气污染物排放量对PM_(2.5)浓度具有聚集的滞后效应,当期大气污染物排放量、滞后一期、滞后两期、滞后三期大气污染物对PM_(2.5)浓度具有显著的正向作用,且影响依次递减。构建的大气污染物排放量的污染源影响因素模型揭示一个地区煤炭消费量、工业废气重度污染行业工业增加值、黄标车保有量对该地区大气污染物排放量具有显著影响。本研究对优化能源消费结构和产业结构,减少空气污染物排放提出了对策建议。 相似文献
110.
Sbastien Denys Guillaume Echevarria Louis Florentin Elisabeth Leclerc Jean-Louis Morel 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2009,100(10):884-889
Parameters regarding fate of 63Ni in the soil–plant system (soil: solution distribution coefficient, Kd and soil plant concentration ratio, CR) are mostly determined in controlled pot experiments or from simple models involving a limited set of soil parameters. However, as migration of pollutants in soil is strongly linked to the water migration, variation of soil structure in the field and seasonal variation of evapotranspiration will affect these two parameters. The aim of this work was to explore to what extent the downward transfer of 63Ni and its uptake by plants from surface-contaminated undisturbed soil cores under cultivation can be explained by isotopic dilution of this radionuclide in the pool of stable Ni of soils. Undisturbed soil cores (50 cm × 50 cm) were sampled from a brown rendzina (Rendzic Leptosol), a colluvial brown soil (Fluvic Cambisol) and an acidic brown soil (Dystric Cambisol) using PVC lysimeter tubes (three lysimeters sampled per soil type). Each core was equipped with a leachate collector. Cores were placed in a greenhouse and maize (DEA, Pioneer®) was sown. After 44 days, an irrigation was simulated at the core surfaces to supply 10 000 Bq 63NiCl2. Maize was harvested 135 days after 63Ni input and radioactivity determined in both vegetal and water samples. Effective uptake of 63Ni by maize was calculated for leaves and kernels. Water drainage and leaching of 63Ni were monitored over the course of the experiment. Values of Kd in surface soil samples were calculated from measured parameters of isotopic exchange kinetics. Results confirmed that 63Ni was strongly retained at the soil surface. Prediction of the 63Ni downward transfer could not be reliably assessed using the Kd values, since the soil structure, which controls local water fluxes, also affected both water and Ni transport. In terms of 63Ni plant uptake, the effective uptake in undisturbed soil cores is controlled by isotope dilution as previously shown at the pot experiment scale. 相似文献