Probabilistic distribution coefficients (Kds) in freshwater for radioisotopes of Ag,Am, Ba,Be, Ce,Co, Cs,I, Mn,Pu, Ra,Ru, Sb,Sr and Th – implications for uncertainty analysis of models simulating the transport of radionuclides in rivers

The objective of this study was to provide operational probability density functions (PDFs) for distribution coefficients (K_ds) in freshwater, representing the partition of radionuclides between the particulate and the dissolved phases respectively. Accordingly, the K_d variability should be considered in uncertainty analysis of transport and risk assessment models. The construction of PDFs for 8 elements (Ag, Am, Co, Cs, I, Mn, Pu and Sr) was established according to the procedure already tested in Durrieu et al. [2006. A weighted bootstrap method for the determination of probability density functions of freshwater distribution coefficients (K_ds) of Co, Cs, Sr and I radioisotopes. Chemosphere 65 (8), 1308–1320]: (i) construction of a comprehensive database where K_ds values obtained under various environments and parametric conditions were collected; (ii) scoring procedure to account for the ‘quality’ of each datapoint (according to several criteria such as the presentation of data (e.g. raw data vs mean with or without replicates), contact time, pH, solid-to-liquid ratio, expert judgement) in the construction of the PDF; (iii) weighted bootstrapping procedure to build the PDFs, in order to give more importance to the most relevant datapoints. Two types of PDFs were constructed: (i) non-conditional, usable when no knowledge about the site of concern is available; (ii) conditional PDFs corresponding to a limited range of parameters such as pH or contact time; conditional PDFs can thus be used when some parametric information is known on the site under study. For 7 other radionuclides (Ba, Be, Ce, Ra, Ru, Sb and Th), a simplified procedure was adopted because of the scarcity of data: only non-conditional PDFs were built, without incorporating a scoring procedure.     

Distribution patterns of octylphenol and nonylphenol in the aquatic system at Mai Po Marshes Nature Reserve, a subtropical estuarine wetland in Hong Kong

Spatial and temporal distribution of octylphenol （OP） and nonylphenol （NP） in Mai Po Marshes, a subtropical estuarine wetland in Hong Kong, were investigated. Surface water samples were collected every month from 11 sites during the period of September- December 2004. Concentrations of OP and NP ranged from 11.3 to 348 ng/L and from 29 to 2591 ng/L, respectively. The high levels of NP and OP were found in November and December than in September and October. The levels of OP and NP have no significant spatial differences except September. Total organic matter in the sediments appeared to be an important factor in controlling the fate of these compounds in the aquatic environment.     

长江河口溶解态重金属的分布和行为

通过1999年春、夏季对长江口的现场观测,探讨了该处溶解态重金属（Cu、Pb、Cd）在潮汐等水动力因素作用下的分布行为,研究发现：溶解态Cu、Pb和Cd在长江口呈现出非保守行为。低盐度区溶解态Cu、Cd呈现出除去行为,Pb呈现出添加行为,较高盐度区则恰好相反。溶解态重金属含量枯水期比丰水期高,枯水期总体表现为大潮高于小潮,丰水期溶解态Cd也是大潮高于小潮,Cu、Pb则大致表现出小潮高于大潮。通过资料对比,发现近20年来溶解态Cu、Cd和Pb均有不同程度的增加。长江径流量和输沙量的减少,将对上海沿岸水域生态环境产生影响。     

Perfluoroalkyl acids(PFAAs) in urban surface water of Shijiazhuang,China: Occurrence,distribution,sources and ecological risks

It is extremely important to analyze the contaminative behaviors of Perfluoroalkyl acids(PFAAs) due to their serious threats to urban environments which are closely related to humans. Current study aimed to explore the distribution, source apportionment and ecological risk assessment of PFAAs in surface water from Shijiazhuang, China. The concentrations of ΣPFAAs ranged from 19.5 to 125.9 ng/L in the investigation area. Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid(PFBS) and perfluoropentanoic acid(PFPeA) were t...     

辽宁省降水化学组份分析

对辽宁省１９９１～１９９５年期间五城市降水中的化学组份进行了八种离子分析，研究了其时空分布，组成特征及变化规律．得出辽宁省存在降水污染的结论     

黄浦江生物膜中汞的分布及形态分析

生物膜对于水环境中痕量重金属的迁移、最终归宿、生物可利用性和生物毒性的过程,起着非常重要的作用。该文采集了黄浦江中的生物膜样品,分析了其中不同生长时间、不同深度、不同季节的总汞含量;提取了生物膜中不同形态的汞,并和底泥中不同形态汞的分布做了对比。结果表明,随着生长天数的增加,生物膜中的汞含量也随之增加;表层生物膜中的汞含量大于水深1m处生物膜中的汞含量;生物膜中的汞含量夏季最高,冬季最低;生物膜中生物可利用态的汞,远大于底泥中生物可利用态汞,更容易进入食物链,从而造成更大的生态危害。     

河流水体中直链烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)含量水平调查

对盐河中水体直链烷基苯磺酸钠（ＬＡＳ）在水体中的分布状况、自净和迁移转化规律进行了调查研究．结果表明，污水中ＬＡＳ主要迁移到底泥中，底泥中ＬＡＳ同系物在各个时期中含量和波动幅度的顺序是：Ｃ１２＞Ｃ１１＞Ｃ１３＞Ｃ１０．     

甘肃省土壤农业水文特性的研究

本文在研究甘肃省土壤容重、土壤凋萎湿度和田间持水量的时空分布规律及其相关因素的基础上,根据占田间持水量40％(严重干旱)、60％(轻度干旱)和80％(最适宜)时的土壤湿度标准,计算出5种地域类型26个代表点的不同土壤湿度标准的土壤水分界限值,为各地采取不同的农业耕作和管理措施提供依据。最后以凋萎湿度为主导指标,以容重和田间持水量为辅助指标,建立甘肃省土壤农业水文特性分区指标系统,把全省划分为5个大区12个副区,对各大区土壤农业水文特性值进行了评述,并提出土壤改良措施和相应的办法。     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

哈尔滨市土壤中PCBs的污染现状研究

采用GC／MS法对哈尔滨市18个表层土壤及1个深层土壤中PCBs的浓度进行了测定,并讨论了PCBs在土壤中的分布特征及同族体的组成情况。结果表明,该市表层土壤中∑PCBs浓度分布在0．025-1．795ng／g之间,平均值为0．545ng／g,深层土壤中未能检测到目标物,土样中共有18种同系物有不同程度的检出,主要以五氡联苯为主,其中工业区的土壤样品中∑PCBs含量最高。