DISTRIBUTIONAL IMPACTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: FEDERAL GRANTS FOR WATER POLLUTION CONTROL1

ABSTRACT: The income redistribution effects of waste water treatment grants are estimated for each state participating in five federal programs. Both gross and net effects per state and per capita are discussed. The impact of the tax structure used to finance such grants and the grant formulae are investigated.     

新形势下的教师工资激励机制探讨

教育在社会发展中起能动作用,教师的工资结构应符合社会主义市场经济规律和教师工作特点,实行按劳分配原则,除标准工资外,还要建立等级津贴和特殊工资,从而保证教育人才的稳定和提高,提高教育的国际竞争力。     

井底冲击压力特性的研究

运用数值模拟的方法研究了单喷嘴射流撞击井底时产生的冲击压力及其分布规律。研究结果表明，井底最大冲击压力梯度所在的位置距撞击中心约０．１１４倍喷距处，井底最大冲击压力梯度和射流喷速成正比，和喷距成反比，本文绘出了其数学表达式。数值计算结果和室内实验数据吻合较为一致。     

极值动态新Ⅰ型分布函数的模型及在汕头抗风防灾上的应用

最大风速分布函数的选择是抗风减灾的重要因素,迄今为止国内外所有可选择的分布函数,虽然对一个国家一些城市是好的,但是对另一些城市却不好,好的城市中,拟合优度准则检验结果也不能达到最佳位或趋近为1.本文采用动态的观点,根据不同城市的数据可用不同的参数值,使其可达到优度最佳值或趋近为1,在此思想基础上,改进了现在国内外绝大多数国家规范所采用的极值Ⅰ型,成为极值动态新Ⅰ型,是对分布函数选择彻底改革的一次尝试。按此原理,对汕头1959～1993共35年最大风速数据进行了分析,对各种概率条件下的风速风压提出了应用的数值。     

沈阳市降尘时空分布特征及影响因素分析

大气中的污染物对人体健康存在直接危害,对其分布特征和来源开展研究可为大气环境质量改善提供理论依据。本文通过对沈阳市1997~2006年间大气降尘布点监测数据进行分析,发现沈阳市降尘量总体呈现下降趋势,采暖期降尘量高于非采暖期;沈阳市各城区降尘量大小顺序为:于洪区>沈河区>和平区>大东区>铁西区>东陵区>皇姑区;对比同期环境质量公报与气象数据,燃煤和区域气象条件是影响沈阳市降尘的重要内在和外来因素。     

湖州表层土壤全氟含量分布及评价

为揭示湖州表层土壤中全氟的空间分布特征及其与其他元素间的相关性,测定分析了湖州市表层土壤的全氟含量,按照土壤全氟指数法评价该地区土壤质量。结果表明,湖州市表层土壤中全氟含量范围在111～883mg/kg之间,均值448 mg/kg,98.4%的表层土壤全氟含量处于正常水平,湖州市表层土壤中全氟含量与Li、Ga、Be、Cs含量密切相关且呈正态分布。     

典型室内公共场所中CO_2的污染特征分析

选取典型的室内公共场所,按照室内空气检测标准进行布点采样,检测这些场所的C02浓度及采样时的温度、湿度及空气流速结果发现,商场内C02浓度基本都在标准限值内,超市内C02浓度超标严重,且C02分布与超市内采样层区之间无明显的相关性。其它类型场所C02分布各有差异,但浓度值基本在标准限度值上下浮动统计结果:公共场所内影响C02浓度的主要原因是空气流速与人群密度的大小空气流速越快,C02浓度越低;人群密度越大,C02浓度越高此外,根据,James L Repace理论进行分析发现,各类公共场所空气交换状况均较差,存在威胁人们健康的风险。     

Distribution,enrichment mechanism and risk assessment for fluoride in groundwater: a case study of Mihe-Weihe River Basin,China

● High fluorine is mainly HCO₃·Cl-Na and HCO₃-Na type. ● F⁻ decreases with the increase of depth to water table. ● High fluoride is mainly affected by fluorine-containing minerals and weak alkaline. ● Fluorine pollution is mainly in the north near Laizhou Bay (wet season > dry season). ● Groundwater samples have a high F⁻ health risk (children > adults). Due to the unclear distribution characteristics and causes of fluoride in groundwater of Mihe-Weihe River Basin (China), there is a higher risk for the future development and utilization of groundwater. Therefore, based on the systematic sampling and analysis, the distribution features and enrichment mechanism for fluoride in groundwater were studied by the graphic method, hydrogeochemical modeling, the proportionality factor between conventional ions and factor analysis. The results show that the fluorine content in groundwater is generally on the high side, with a large area of medium-fluorine water (0.5–1.0 mg/L), and high-fluorine water is chiefly in the interfluvial lowlands and alluvial-marine plain, which mainly contains HCO₃·Cl-Na- and HCO₃-Na-type water. The vertical zonation characteristics of the fluorine content decrease with increasing depth to the water table. The high flouride groundwater during the wet season is chiefly controlled by the weathering and dissolution of fluorine-containing minerals, as well as the influence of rock weathering, evaporation and concentration. The weak alkaline environment that is rich in sodium and poor in calcium during the dry season is the main reason for the enrichment of fluorine. Finally, an integrated assessment model is established using rough set theory and an improved matter element extension model, and the level of groundwater pollution caused by fluoride in the Mihe-Weihe River Basin during the wet and dry seasons in the Shandong Peninsula is defined to show the necessity for local management measures to reduce the potential risks caused by groundwater quality.     

“十三五”期间湖南省资江流域锑污染时空分布及污染治理成效分析

为掌握“十三五”期间湖南省资江流域锑污染的总体情况和变化趋势,采用数据统计分析方法对2016—2020年该流域水质锑变化特征进行研究,同时分析锑污染时间变化趋势和空间分布情况。结果表明,“十三五”期间,资江流域锑污染整体有较明显改善,尤其资江干流下游益阳市内的锑污染明显减轻,由2016年的超标率100%到2020年全部实现达标,各断面锑的质量浓度最大降幅达55.5%。资江支流中,2020年邵水断面锑质量浓度年均值较2018年下降了13.1%。资江流域的娄底、邵阳和益阳市均采取了一系列锑污染防治措施,使得资江流域锑污染整体有较明显改善。但资江支流中邵水和平溪江污染最重断面锑质量浓度年均值仍有超标,建议“十四五”期间加强流域内涉锑企业和历史遗留污染的治理,力争尽早实现资江全流域水质的全面达标。