Effects of Water Withdrawal From Ice‐Covered Lakes on Oxygen,Temperature, and Fish1

Abstract: In northern regions, large volumes of water are needed for activities such as winter road construction. Such withdrawals, particularly from small lakes, can reduce oxygen concentrations and water levels, potentially affecting aquatic organisms. Withdrawal limits have been developed by regulatory agencies, but are largely theoretical. Water withdrawal thresholds were tested in two small lakes by removing 10% and 20% of their respective under‐ice volumes and comparing oxygen parameters, temperature, over‐wintering habitat, and northern pike (Esox lucius) abundance to reference conditions. Because of a milder winter, oxygen parameters were elevated in reference lakes in the period following withdrawal compared to the prewithdrawal period. The 10% withdrawal resulted in a ?0.2 m shift in the oxygen concentration profile at 4 mg/l in that lake, but had no effect on total volume‐weighted oxygen, or volume of over‐wintering habitat. In contrast, the 20% withdrawal caused 0.7 m reduction in the oxygen concentration profile at 4 mg/l compared to the previous year, a 26% decline in the volume‐weighted oxygen concentration, and a 23% reduction in the volume of over‐wintering habitat compared to prewithdrawal conditions. Water temperatures were slightly (≤ 10%) colder in the upper strata in the year following the withdrawal in both withdrawal and reference lakes. Northern pike abundance was not impacted by water withdrawals in either of the lakes. The results of this study show that the effects of water withdrawal on the parameters investigated reflected the characteristics of the lakes, and would therefore be expected to vary from lake to lake. Policy development to mitigate impacts must therefore reflect the site‐specific nature of water withdrawal.     

Elemental concentrations in air, water, and aquatic biota in two rural provinces in northern Vietnam

The present study on environmental pollution in northern Vietnam investigates elemental concentrations in fine particulate matter (PM_2.5), freshwater, and aquatic biota at two sites with differing levels of industrial activities. An Thin is situated 47 km east of Hanoi in the neighbourhood of a coal combustion power plant, whereas the reference site, Duy Minh, is situated in the agricultural province of Ha Nam, 40 km south of Hanoi. Elemental concentrations were analysed using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence, total reflection X-ray fluorescence, and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectro-metry. All investigated elements in fine particles (PM_2.5) had significantly higher concentrations in An Thin, thus identifying the air at this site as polluted. In contrast to the aerosol samples, elemental concentrations as well as quantitative differences between the sampling sites were low in freshwater and biota, indicating that the impact of atmospheric deposition was limited.     

Atmospheric Metal Pollutants-Archives, Methods, and History

Pollution of the atmosphere with cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) is a consequence of human activities. Natural archives are necessary to reconstruct the long-term history of metal deposition because accurate measurement of atmospheric deposition is a recent accomplishment. Reconstructions require: (1) accurate determination of concentrations of elements and isotopes, (2) accurate chronology of archives, and (3) archives that faithfully record atmosphere deposition. The most useful long-term archives are accumulations of ice and snow, peat, and lake sediment. Quantification of Cd deposition is uncommon because of its low concentration and substantial chemical mobility. Nonetheless, trends in peat and lake sediment are similar to those of Hg and Pb since ca. 1800 a.d. Both Hg and Pb are relatively chemically immobile and thus the peat and lake archives are believed to record historic trends of atmospheric deposition. Isotopic and concentration studies of Pb indicate a history of northern hemisphere atmospheric pollution extending back prior to 0 a.d. Although measurements of Hg concentration are now routine, isotopic measurements are in their infancy. Some Hg pollution sources have unique isotopic ratios, thereby contributing unique signals to the total Hg. Maximum accumulation rates of Hg and Pb occur up to 10 years later than for Cd (1970s versus 1960s in eastern North America, perhaps slightly later in Europe). By 2004, deposition of Cd, Hg, and Pb had declined from peak values in eastern North America more than 75, 75, and 90%, respectively.     

Atmospheric deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons near New England coastal waters

Wet and dry deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was measured at Nahant, Massachusetts, a peninsula jutting into Massachusetts Bay and Wolf Neck, a peninsula jutting into Casco Bay, Maine. Wet deposition (rain and snow) was collected in a funnel which drains into a shielded, temperature controlled receiving bottle. Dry deposition of gaseous and particulate PAHs was collected onto an exposed water surface. PAHs were analyzed by solid phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sixteen PAH species were analyzed, ranging from acenaphthylene to coronene. The mean wet deposition rate of the sum of the 16 species is 720 ng m⁻² cm⁻¹ precipitation at Nahant, and 831 ng m⁻² cm⁻¹ precipitation at Wolf Neck. Wet deposition is attributed to regional PAH emitting sources. Storm patterns appear to bring somewhat higher wet deposition of PAHs to Wolf Neck than to Nahant. The mean dry deposition rate is 95 ng m⁻² h⁻¹ at Nahant and 9.3 ng m⁻² h⁻¹ at Wolf Neck. The large difference is attributed to the fact that Nahant is close to the urban-industrial metropolitan Boston area and Logan International Airport, whereas Wolf Neck has no major PAH-emitting sources nearby. Individual measurements have an error bracket of ±30%. The Chemical Mass Balance model was used to apportion the dry deposition to source categories. At Nahant, nine samples gave valid statistical attributes with a mean apportionment: jet exhaust 35%, gasoline fueled vehicles 32%, diesel fueled vehicles 17%, wood combustion 13%, others 3%. At Wolf Neck, six samples yielded a mean apportionment: jet exhaust 30%, gasoline vehicles 28%, diesel vehicles 18%, wood combustion 16%, others 8%. There is a considerable variation between the samples. The apportionment is greatly dependent on the quality and selection of the model inputs, i.e. source signatures, which for PAHs are questionable.     

微环境新风量的检测原理及方法研究

新风量是评价室内微环境空气卫生质量的主要卫生指标之一,也是计算室内某种气体单位时间排放量的重要参数。以CO2作为示踪气体,利用于冰升华和人体呼吸产生CO2示踪气体两种测量方法对室内和车内微环境进行了检测,并考虑室内人呼出CO2量的影响,运用箱子模式的各种推导公式（稳态法、解析解法和差分法）对新风量进行了计算,并对结果进行了讨论。结果表明,没有人存在下,用箱子模式的解析解法和差分法计算的新风量值没有明显的统计差异;微环境内有人时必须考虑人释放的影响,这样箱子模式的各种推导公式都可以计算新风量值,且结果准确,准确度高。利用人体呼吸产生CO2示踪气体法,用差分法计算结果不理想,偏差很大;用稳态法计算重现性高,结果可靠。     

谈高效节能的褐煤应用技术

褐煤,一种煤化程度较低的易燃化石,在全球的煤炭储量中占据40％。在目前全球以化石能源为主体的结构下,褐煤的综合利用越来越受到世界能源专家的重视。本文主要讨论褐煤在发电、深加工等方面的节能利用技术。     

九连山自然保护区常绿阔叶林冰雪灾害研究

以九连山国家级自然保护区典型常绿阔叶林为对象,研究树木属性、地形因子与冰雪灾害受损程度的关系.结果表明:九连山常绿阔叶林(DBH≥10 cm)以栲属物种占据主要优势.断梢率、腰折率、翻蔸率和平均受损指数(MDI)最高的树种分别为马尾松、米槠、丝栗栲和米槠,最低的树种分别为红楠、丝栗栲、枫香和罗浮柿.断梢率与胸径(DBH)、树高(H)显著正相关(P<0.01),与H/DBH显著负相关(P<0.01);腰折率与DBH显著负相关(P<0.01);翻蔸率与DBH显著负相关(P<0.01).林分受损程度分析显示,在22≤DBH<24 cm、15≤H<17 m或100≤H/DBH<110时,MDI值最高,在40≤DBH<42 cm、5≤H<7 m或H/DBH≥120时,MDI值最低.坡向对腰折率和MDI值影响显著(P<0.01),N-NE生境中MDI值最高;坡度对树木不同受损指标影响不显著(P>0.05),坡度30°～40°生境中MDI值最高.     

雪冰中持久性有机污染物的研究进展

雪冰是温带和极地生态系统中最重要的环境组份,它们不仅影响了能量平衡和水循环,而且也能直接影响当地、区域以及全球环境范围内的化学行为。降雪能很有效地从大气中清除颗粒和气相的POPs。本文简要介绍了雪冰环境中持久性有机污染物研究的科学意义,着重综述了POPs在极地和高海拔地区雪冰中的环境化学行为和雪冰中POPs的历史环境记录,并讨论了雪冰中POPs浓度的不确定性。持久性有机污染物从大气到冰川的过程并不容易理解,半挥发性有机化合物在沉积后的浓度存在不确定性。有机物沉积在积雪中后,随着积雪的老化和变形,它们能够随着融水迁移或者又挥发到大气中。全文最后对未来雪冰中POPs的研究需要进行了展望,并提出四点今后需加强研究的内容。由于青藏高原位于人类居住的低纬度高海拔地区,可能在POPs全球输送过程中起到重要的作用,今后需加强青藏高原地区雪冰中持久性有机污染物的研究;有机污染物在雪冰中主要是通过光化学反应进行转化,雪冰中有机污染物的光化学反应机理研究必须引起重视;随着雪冰样品前处理和分析测试技术的提高,将会推动雪冰中痕量POPs的环境变化记录研究的发展;通过建立模型模拟预算和评价POPs在积雪中的物理化学行为,也可以利用模型模拟POPs在老雪中的命运,确定其在融水中成比例蒸发和渗浸的速率。     

气候变暖背景下典型冰川储量变化及其特征 ——以天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川为例

冰储量变化与冰川水资源变化及其对河川径流的贡献有密切关系。论文以天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川为例,基于雷达测厚、冰川测图等多年实测资料,通过GIS技术,计算出该冰川不同时期的储量值,并对其变化特征进行分析。结果表明,乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川1962、1981、1986、2001和2006年的储量分别为10 736.7×10⁴、10 296.2×10⁴、9 989.4×10⁴ m³、8 797.9×10⁴和8 115.0×10⁴ m³。1962-2006年44 a间,在气候变暖背景下,冰储量亏损24.4%,厚度减薄12.1%,面积减小14.0%,最大长度缩短7.6%,且均呈加速趋势。1981年之前,冰川面积和长度的减小是造成冰储量减少的主要原因;1981-2001年,冰川厚度、面积、长度的减小共同造成储量的减少,面积的缩小仍是主导因素;2001年以后,冰川厚度的减薄成为冰储量减少的主要因素。     

环渤海地区海冰水资源农业利用研究

环渤海地区盐碱滩涂地面积广阔,淡水资源紧缺现状制约着该地区土地资源开发和农业利用。新型海冰水资源的开发和利用有望打开这种尴尬局面。实验结果表明:海冰水灌溉下台田土壤耕作层平均盐分含量为2.45 g/kg,可以保障土壤耕层安全;3 g/L海冰水灌溉与无灌溉处理相比,油葵增产31.3%、甜高粱总糖量增产21.2%、紫花苜蓿增产27.0%。可见以海冰水为水源的"台田-浅池"综合利用模式对环渤海地区改良和利用盐碱地具有重要的参考价值。