高效干法脱硫剂的研究与开发

研究高效干法烟气脱硫剂是提高干法脱硫效率的一种途径，通过分析和探讨ＣａＯ和ＦＡ的配比、添加剂的种类及加入量、反应温度对脱硫剂脱硫性能的影响，研究了高效干法脱硫剂的制备方法和工艺。     

不同温度桉树叶生物炭对Cd2+的吸附特性及机制

通过元素分析、BET-N₂、Zeta电位、Boehm滴定,SEM-EDS、FTIR等分析方法对不同热解温度（300、500和700℃）下制备的桉树叶生物炭进行表征,研究了3种生物炭（BC300、BC500和BC700）对Cd²⁺的吸附特性与机制.结果表明,随温度升高,生物炭产率下降,灰分、pH值和Zeta负电荷量上升,比表面积增大.当Cd²⁺浓度为20mg/L时,平衡时间依次为80min（BC700）<360min（BC500）<540min（BC300）,均符合准二级动力学模型（R²>0.98）,以化学吸附为主.BC300和BC500吸附过程均符合Langmuir和Freundlich模型,BC700更符合Freundlich模型,最大吸附量依次为BC700（94.32mg/g） > BC500（67.07mg/g） > BC300（60.38mg/g）.在Boehm滴定结果分析的基础上,结合FTIR和SEM-EDS,表明生物炭吸附机制主要为静电吸附和官能团络合作用.BC700吸附性能最佳,原因可能是具有较大的比表面积、较多的负电荷量和较为丰富的官能团.     

Description and evaluation of a model of deposition velocities for routine estimates of air pollutant dry deposition over North America.: Part I: model development

This paper describes the development of a detailed dry deposition model for routine computation of dry deposition velocities of SO₂, O₃, HNO₃ and fine particle SO₄²⁻ across much of North America. Four different dry deposition/surface exchange sub-models have been combined with the current Canadian weather forecast model (Global Environmental Multiscale model) with a 3 h time resolution and a horizontal spatial resolution of 35 km. The present model uses the US Geological Survey North American Land Cover Characteristics data to obtain fourteen different land use and five seasonal categories. The four sub-models used are a multi-layer model for gaseous species over taller canopy land-use types, a big-leaf model for gaseous species over lower canopies (including bare soil and water) and for HNO₃ under all surface types and, two different models for SO₄²⁻, one for tall canopies and the other for short canopies. All necessary parameters for each sub-model, chemical species, land-use and seasonal categories have been selected from available data libraries or from the values reported in the literature. The purpose for developing this model (referred to as the Routine Deposition Model (RDM)), when coupled with air concentration data, is to provide estimates of seasonal dry deposition, which can be combined with wet deposition to produce total deposition estimates. Model theory is discussed in this paper and model sensitivity tests and results will be presented in a companion paper.     

落叶燃烧排放的颗粒物及有机碳、元素碳的研究

为研究落叶燃烧排放的颗粒物(PM)及有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC),采用明燃和闷燃两种形式对10种乔木的落叶进行燃烧实验,采集了排放的烟尘,并用元素碳/有机碳分析仪测定样品的OC和EC含量.结果表明,落叶在明燃状态下PM、OC、EC的排放因子范围分别为7.9~31.9、0.9~9.7、3.6~13.9 g·kg-1,平均值分别为19.7、5.2、6.8 g·kg-1.闷燃状态下PM、OC、EC的排放因子范围分别为61.3~128.9、31.7~60.4、1.9~6.0 g·kg-1,平均值分别为91.0、43.0、4.0 g·kg-1.明燃和闷燃的OC/EC变化范围分别为0.21~1.82和8.16~16.84.明燃状态下OC/PM、EC/PM的范围分别为0.11~0.41和0.18~0.56.闷燃状态下OC/PM、EC/PM的范围分别为0.43~0.53和0.03~0.06.OC和PM的排放因子在两种燃烧状态下均呈现显著的相关性.在不同的燃烧状态下,各组分之间的排放因子具有较大的差异,OC的排放因子在闷燃状态下高于明燃状态,而EC的排放因子则相反.不同燃烧状态下PM、OC、EC的排放因子及它们之间的比值分析,对建立森林生物质燃烧源排放清单以及来源解析具有重要意义.     

Development and application of a GIS-based sediment budget model

Accelerated erosion and increased sediment yields resulting from changes in land use are a critical environmental problem. Resource managers and decision makers need spatially explicit tools to help them predict the changes in sediment production and delivery due to unpaved roads and other types of land disturbance. This is a particularly important issue in much of the Caribbean because of the rapid pace of development and potential damage to nearshore coral reef communities. The specific objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a GIS-based sediment budget model; (2) use the model to evaluate the effects of unpaved roads on sediment delivery rates in three watersheds on St. John in the US Virgin Islands; and (3) compare the predicted sediment yields to pre-existing data. The St. John Erosion Model (STJ-EROS) is an ArcInfo-based program that uses empirical sediment production functions and delivery ratios to quantify watershed-scale sediment yields. The program consists of six input routines and five routines to calculate sediment production and delivery. The input routines have interfaces that allow the user to adjust the key variables that control sediment production and delivery. The other five routines use pre-set erosion rate constants, user-defined variables, and values from nine data layers to calculate watershed-scale sediment yields from unpaved road travelways, road cutslopes, streambanks, treethrow, and undisturbed hillslopes. STJ-EROS was applied to three basins on St. John with varying levels of development. Predicted sediment yields under natural conditions ranged from 2 to 7Mgkm(-2)yr(-1), while yield rates for current conditions ranged from 8 to 46Mgkm(-2)yr(-1). Unpaved roads are estimated to be increasing sediment delivery rates by 3-6 times for Lameshur Bay, 5-9 times for Fish Bay, and 4-8 times for Cinnamon Bay. Predicted basin-scale sediment yields for both undisturbed and current conditions are within the range of measured sediment yields and bay sedimentation rates. The structure and user interfaces in STJ-EROS mean that the model can be readily adapted to other areas and used to assess the impact of unpaved roads and other land uses sediment production and delivery.     

Helping small businesses implement toxics use reduction techniques: dry cleaners, auto shops, and floor finishers assisted in creating safer and healthier work places

The Toxics Use Reduction Institute (TURI), Boston Public Health Commission (BPHC), and Vietnamese American Initiative for Development (Viet-AID) have worked with small business sectors to reduce their use of toxic chemicals. Three cases, described here, in dry cleaning, auto shops and floor finishing share common approaches for creating successful models of effective dissemination of toxics use reduction in small businesses. These include direct business support, peer-to-peer training and promotion of alternatives, and collaborations with stakeholders to achieve greener businesses. These results were achieved despite predictable barriers of lack of resources, suspicion of safer alternatives, and language and cultural barriers.     

Deposition of Inorganic Particulate Aerosols to Vegetation - A New Method of Estimating

A new, direct method was developed for quantifying inorganic particulate aerosols trapped by the forest canopy, and for determining the resulting input of elements to a forest ecosystem. The method is based on direct measurements of only six parameters. Using this method, it is possible to determine the load of aerosols trapped by the forest canopy and deposited to leaves, as well as the load of aerosols falling to the forest floor by impaction on plants. It is also possible to estimate the aerosol input of soluble and insoluble elements to an ecosystem. With this new method it has been found that the load of aerosols trapped by the canopy of a mixed forest located in the Rybnik Coal Basin averaged 189.0 kg x ha-1 x growing season-1, or 39.3% of the total inorganic particles reaching the ecosystem. The trapped aerosols provided 13.4 kg x ha-1 of soluble nitrogen and 0.91 kg x ha-1 of insoluble nitrogen over the growing season. At the same time, the input of soluble nitrogen from the atmosphere with rainfall to an open area averaged 13.9 kg x ha-1, and the input of insoluble nitrogen with inorganic dusts averaged 1.4 kg x ha-1.     

Metal concentrations in deciduous tree leaves from urban areas in Poland

Accumulation of metals in deciduous tree foliage fromurban areas in western-south Poland was monitored duringthe vegetation season of 2000 year. Concentrations of Al,Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti and Znwere measured in birch, willow, linden and maple leavesusing the ICP-AES method. Seasonal variations of metalconcentrations and their relations with sampling sitewere investigated. The most dynamic accumulation of Al,Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb was observed for examined species. Thehighest differences in element concentrations forinvestigated sites were found for Ba, Cd, Mn and Ni.Interelement correlations were investigated. In allfoliar samples synergistic relationships between Al–Crand Ca-Sr were found. Statistically significant negativecorrelations were observed only for Cd and Ti in birch leaves.     

荠菜叶挥发性成分分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法对荠菜叶挥发油进行了提取。通过毛细管气相色谱—质谱联用法分离并鉴定了其化学成分,用气相色谱面积归一化法测定了各成分的相对百分含量,共分离确定了其中12种化合物,所鉴定化合物的含量占全油的65.62%,主要化学成分为：L-胍基琥珀酰亚胺（21.28%）、植醇（18%）、植酮（9.6%）、油酸（4.71%）、棕榈酸（3.97%）等。     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.