Solid state fermentation of olive mill residues by wood- and dung-dwelling Agaricomycetes: Effects on peroxidase production,biomass development and phenol phytotoxicity

The in vivo conversion of dry olive mill residue (DOR) by wood- and dung-dwelling fungi − Auricularia auricula-judae, Bjerkandera adusta and Coprinellus radians − increases peroxidase secretion up to 3.2–3.5-fold (∼1.3, 3.5 and 7.0 U g⁻¹ DOR for dye-decolorizing peroxidase, manganese peroxidase and aromatic peroxygenases, respectively). The incubation of DOR with these fungi produced a sharp decrease in total phenolic content (100% within 4 wk), a reduction in phytotoxicity as well as a certain degree of plant growth caused by the stimulating effect of fungal-treated DOR. These findings correlate with a characteristic shift in the fragmentation pattern of water-soluble aromatics (detected at 280 nm) from low (0.2, 1.5 and 2.2 kDa, respectively) to high molecular mass (35 to >200 kDa), which demonstrates the presence of a polymerization process. Phenol-rich agricultural residues are a useful tool for enzyme expression and production studies of peroxidase-producing Agaricomycetes which could make DOR a valuable organic fertilizer.     

落叶生物炭对水中Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附性能及机理

针对水体重金属污染和落叶难以有效利用的问题,本研究以三球悬铃木和垂柳2种树木的落叶为原料制备生物炭,采用BET、SEM、FTIR等方法对其微观结构和组成进行分析,并通过吸附实验研究了2种生物炭对水中镉离子(Cd²⁺)的吸附性能及其影响因素。结果表明,Cd²⁺的去除率与溶液pH和生物炭的投加量呈正相关,与电解质CaCl₂浓度呈负相关。2种生物炭的吸附过程均符合Elovich方程和准二阶动力学方程,以非均相化学吸附为主。三球悬铃木落叶生物炭(BCP)和垂柳落叶生物炭(BCS)的吸附过程分别符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温线,最大的吸附量分别为5.57和10.18 mg·g⁻¹。根据正交实验,BCP和BCS对水中Cd²⁺的最佳吸附条件分别为：CaCl₂浓度为0.05 mol·L⁻¹,pH=7,BCP投加量为0.05 g,热解温度为500 ℃;CaCl₂浓度为0 mol·L⁻¹,pH=7,BCS投加量为0.05 g,热解温度为400 ℃。本研究为水中Cd²⁺的去除以及落叶的资源化利用提供了可借鉴的方法和重要的科学依据。     

Dioxin removal in “energy from waste plants” - comparison of air pollution control methods

The graph below shows the emitted dioxin - equivalents (Eadon) in grams per year in flue gas from municipal solid waste incinerators with various air pollution control methods for plants of capacity of 200 000 ton municipal solid waste (MSW) per year.

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With optimized combustion and an effective air pollution control system the emissions of dioxins can be kept very low (concentrations below 0.1 ng/m³n).

With a very effective air pollution control system the total emission from all Swedish MSW-incinerators burning approximately 1.5 Mton/year will by 1990 be below 2 g/year - a drastic reduction from approximately 15 g today. As the total dioxin - equivalent emission to the environment in Sweden in the year 1987 was almost 500 g we see that municipal waste incineration really is on the way to solve their dioxin problem.     

微环境新风量的检测原理及方法研究

新风量是评价室内微环境空气卫生质量的主要卫生指标之一,也是计算室内某种气体单位时间排放量的重要参数。以CO2作为示踪气体,利用于冰升华和人体呼吸产生CO2示踪气体两种测量方法对室内和车内微环境进行了检测,并考虑室内人呼出CO2量的影响,运用箱子模式的各种推导公式（稳态法、解析解法和差分法）对新风量进行了计算,并对结果进行了讨论。结果表明,没有人存在下,用箱子模式的解析解法和差分法计算的新风量值没有明显的统计差异;微环境内有人时必须考虑人释放的影响,这样箱子模式的各种推导公式都可以计算新风量值,且结果准确,准确度高。利用人体呼吸产生CO2示踪气体法,用差分法计算结果不理想,偏差很大;用稳态法计算重现性高,结果可靠。     

荠菜叶挥发性成分分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法对荠菜叶挥发油进行了提取。通过毛细管气相色谱—质谱联用法分离并鉴定了其化学成分,用气相色谱面积归一化法测定了各成分的相对百分含量,共分离确定了其中12种化合物,所鉴定化合物的含量占全油的65.62%,主要化学成分为：L-胍基琥珀酰亚胺（21.28%）、植醇（18%）、植酮（9.6%）、油酸（4.71%）、棕榈酸（3.97%）等。     

不同生长期暴马丁香叶中活性成分分析

通过对不同采收期暴马丁香叶中主要活性成分和微量元素含量的分析,研究活性成分与微量元素对暴马丁香叶质量的影响.采用高效液相色谱法测定暴马丁香叶中紫丁香苷的含量,紫外分光光度法测定其总黄酮和多糖的含量,原子吸收分光光度法测定其铁、锰、锌、铜的含量,再采用SPSS16.0软件对测定结果进行统计分析.暴马丁香叶中紫丁香苷和总黄酮在5月2日含量较高,4月20日含量较低;总多糖和4种微量元素在5月2日含量较低,4月20日含量较高.与不同采收期紫丁香苷和总黄酮含量上升或下降趋势对比,总多糖和微量元素的含量变化总体上却与其相反.暴马丁香叶中紫丁香苷、总黄酮与Fe、Mn、Zn元素间呈现一定的拮抗作用,而多糖与Fe、Zn、Cu元素间呈协同作用,微量元素对暴马丁香叶的质量有一定的影响.     

Comparison of community composition and species diversity of understorey and overstorey tree species in a dry tropical forest of northern India

The study focuses on understorey-overstorey plant community dynamics in a dry tropical forest to facilitate appropriate management decisions. We compare community composition and species diversity of the understorey vegetation among five dry tropical forest sites in northern India. A total of 1500 quadrats distributed over 15 one-ha permanent plots in five sites differing in the degree of disturbance, were used to enumerate the understorey tree species and the results were compared with overstorey tree layer. The non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) ordination revealed that human disturbance intensity, as well as the overall disturbance regimes, and soil water holding capacity controlled the organisation of dry tropical forest understorey composition through effects on soil organic matter. The alpha-diversity and its components decreased with increasing human disturbance intensity, reflecting utilisation pressure and decreased soil fertility, as also revealed by the analysis of overstorey tree layer. There was a significant positive relationship between overstorey and understorey diversity. Results suggest that in the future, the existing understorey tree communities may replace the current dry tropical forest communities under prevailing environmental conditions. The study also asserts that the rate of species accumulation will be greater in more disturbed sites as well as at small spatial scale within each disturbance level.     

冬青和女贞叶表面颗粒物微形态及叶际细菌群落结构

植物叶表面颗粒物和微生物的结构动态对近地表环境和生态具有重要意义.本研究以青岛市不同功能区冬青和女贞植物的新鲜叶片为研究对象,利用环境扫描电镜观察叶表面颗粒物与微生物微形态特征及季节变化规律;采用Illumina高通量测序技术分析植物叶际细菌群落结构.结果 表明,冬青和女贞植物叶片颗粒物滞留量秋、冬季节高于春、夏两季,...     

太湖大气氮、磷干湿沉降特征

于2018年1—12月,采集太湖湖滨及湖面共计9个点位600多个干湿沉降样品,估算了N、P干、湿沉降率以及全太湖2018年N、P干、湿沉降通量。结果表明,2018年太湖TN和TP月湿沉降率均值分别为161. 2和7. 1 kg/(km~2·月),TN和TP月干沉降率均值分别为103. 6和4. 5 kg/(km~2·月)。TN和TP年干沉降率空间分布规律为:湖面之上开阔水域处的TN和TP年干沉降率大于其他湖滨点位,TN和TP总沉降通量为7 702和333 t/a。2018年相比于2002—2003年,TN和TP总沉降通量分别降低了22. 6%和53. 8%。     

不同温度桉树叶生物炭对Cd2+的吸附特性及机制

通过元素分析、BET-N₂、Zeta电位、Boehm滴定,SEM-EDS、FTIR等分析方法对不同热解温度（300、500和700℃）下制备的桉树叶生物炭进行表征,研究了3种生物炭（BC300、BC500和BC700）对Cd²⁺的吸附特性与机制.结果表明,随温度升高,生物炭产率下降,灰分、pH值和Zeta负电荷量上升,比表面积增大.当Cd²⁺浓度为20mg/L时,平衡时间依次为80min（BC700）<360min（BC500）<540min（BC300）,均符合准二级动力学模型（R²>0.98）,以化学吸附为主.BC300和BC500吸附过程均符合Langmuir和Freundlich模型,BC700更符合Freundlich模型,最大吸附量依次为BC700（94.32mg/g） > BC500（67.07mg/g） > BC300（60.38mg/g）.在Boehm滴定结果分析的基础上,结合FTIR和SEM-EDS,表明生物炭吸附机制主要为静电吸附和官能团络合作用.BC700吸附性能最佳,原因可能是具有较大的比表面积、较多的负电荷量和较为丰富的官能团.