STATEWIDE EMPIRICAL MODELING OF BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION OF SURFACE WATERS1

ABSTRACT: Bacterial contamination of surface waters is attributed to both urban and agricultural land use practices and is one of the most frequently cited reasons for failure to meet standards established under the Clean Water Act (CWA) (P.L. 92–500). Statewide modeling can be used to determine if bacterial contamination occurs predominantly in urban or agricultural settings. Such information is useful for directing future monitoring and allocating resources for protection and restoration activities. Logistic regression was used to model the likelihood of bacterial contamination using watershed factors for the state of Maryland. Watershed factors included land cover, soils, topography, hydrography, locations of septic systems, and animal feeding operations. Results indicated that bacterial contamination occurred predominantly in urban settings. Likelihood of bacterial contamination was highest for small watersheds with well drained and erodible soils and a high proportion of urban land adjacent to streams. The number of septic systems and animal feeding operations and the amount of agricultural land were not significant explanatory factors. The urban infrastructure tends to “connect” more of the watershed to the stream network through the creation of roads, storm sewers, and wastewater treatment plants. This may partly explain the relationship between urbanization and bacterial contamination found in this study.     

污水处理中17β-雌二醇的去除机理研究

介绍了污水处理中17β-雌二醇（E2）的去除机理及其去除效果的影响因素。研究表明,E2是生活污水中普遍存在,最具潜在影响、作用最强的一种类固醇雌激素;污水处理过程中,活性污泥吸附作用可使E2浓度迅速降低,而生物降解是去除E2的主要方式且去除过程遵循一级反应,E1是E2生物降解过程中的中间产物。在好氧条件下,提高温度、延长水力停留时间和泥龄、强化硝化等均可一定程度上提高E2的去除效率。     

麦秸强化微生物降解石油烃及场地试验

在油-盐混合污染耕地的耕作层中施加麦秸以强化水浸洗盐和促进微生物对石油烃的降解.通过实验考察了麦秸添加量对降解石油烃所用的阴沟肠杆菌(Enterobacter cloacae)和刺孢小克银汉霉菌(Cunninghamella echinulata)的生长及其对于石油烃降解行为的影响.结果发现,在土壤中添加5%(质量分数)麦秸可使土壤中的细菌和真菌生物量提高至对照样品的25和3倍;19 d时总石油烃降解率从29.2% 提高到48.0%,其中饱和烃、芳烃的降解率分别从31.5%和39.1%提高到55.7%和55.9%.在中原油田污染耕地现场试验结果表明,石油烃降解菌添加25 d后,添加麦秸的修复土壤中的细菌和真菌生物量为对照土壤的158和9倍;45 d后试验地块中的总石油烃质量分数降至0.3%以下,石油烃降解率最高达到75%.上述结果显示出添加麦秸与真菌-细菌协同修复方法相结合在治理油-盐混合污染耕地中具有很好的应用前景.     

微生物杀灭效果试验中的游离氯转化研究

在实验室研究游离氯灭活微生物的试验中发现,由于试验体系中有机氮的存在,投加游离氯消毒后,游离氯会迅速与之反应转化为无消毒作用的有机氯胺.在对大肠杆菌、铁细菌、铜绿假单胞菌的研究中均发现同样的问题,投加2 mg·L^-1的游离氯消毒剂对初始菌浓度为10⁸ CFU·mL^-1的大肠杆菌进行灭活试验,反应5　min后游离氯就已经为0,而一氯胺和二氯胺的量分别为0.92　mg·L^-1和0.4 mg·L^-1.为了降低有机氮的干扰,采用多次离心纯化菌液、膜过滤纯化菌液和增加受试菌液的稀释倍数的方法进行测试,发现当菌液浓度降至10⁵CFU·mL^-1以下时,游离氯转氯胺的比例可以明显降低;而2种纯化过程并不能分离菌液中的有机氮,进而改善试验中出现的游离氯转氯胺的现象.该结论也说明参加反应的有机氮应来源于细菌自身的细胞物质,有机氮的干扰在消毒的相关研究中需要引起关注.     

Potential health hazard of drinking water in restaurants and tea stalls

Potable and equitable drinking water (DW) is a fundamental human right and essential for human health. This study is conducted to assess the groundwater and jar water quality of the roadside restaurants and tea stalls used for drinking by the local people around the Gazipur City area in Bangladesh. Water samples from 173 restaurants and tea stalls are collected. The physico-chemical and biological parameters are analyzed according to the guidelines and standards. The results illustrate that the color, EC, and Mn of 41%, 80%, and 62% of the samples, respectively, exceed the WHO and Environmental Conservation Rules (ECR) standards. In addition, E. coli and total coliform exceeding the threshold standards are found in 47% and 64% of the water samples, respectively. The contamination of DW by fecal coliforms is confirmed and supported by prior studies, which indicates that the DW supplied in restaurants and tea stalls are unsafe because of the possible presence of pathogens. These may cause potential health hazards to consumers from various water-borne diseases. Poor sanitation, unhygienic practices, and improper disposal of wastewater are responsible for the microbial contamination of DW. So, the authorities in charge of these places should take the right regulatory steps, such as regular sanitation inspections, DW quality monitoring, hand-washing practices, and better sanitation in these places.     

非纯培养物细菌蛋白酶DNA片段的克隆与表达

为了构建更多的蛋白酶基因工程菌,以及进行蛋白酶基因的直接进化研究,从非纯培养细菌总DNA中扩增各种编码蛋白酶的DNA片段.根据MEROPS和GenBank数据库中的枯草杆菌类蛋白酶的编码区和成熟肽编码序列设计并合成了10条引物.富集培养胞外蛋白酶产生菌并提取了12个总DNA样品,分别用每对引物在降落PCR (TouchdownPCR, TD-PCR)条件下进行蛋白酶编码序列的扩增.选择了19个长800 ~1 200 bp的扩增片段测序,其结果为: 8个是蛋白酶DNA片段,它们应属于4种不同的蛋白酶基因序列;同一对引物扩增到的基因序列差异性可达到32%,说明只使用基于已知序列的PCR方法从混合菌中获得新蛋白酶基因是可行的.将克隆到的1个与碱性蛋白酶E (GenBank No.AJ539133)的编码区99%相似的蛋白酶DNA片段插入pTWIN1载体,在大肠杆菌ER2566中进行表达.结果表明,表达的成熟蛋白酶可分泌到培养基中,能在牛奶平板上产生水解圈,对大肠杆菌有致死作用.图5表3参14     

应用次最低空轨道能研究硝基芳烃的生物活性

采用半经验分子轨道ＡＭ１方法计算了１８种硝基芳烃化合物的分子轨道能ＥＨＯＭＯ、ＥＬＵＭＯ、ＥＵＬＵＭＯＥＮＨＯＭＯ,生成热△Ｈｂ,偶极矩μ等量化参数;结合一阶价分子连接性指数Ｘ和正辛醇／水分配系数ｌｏｇＫｏｗ与发光菌的３０ｍｉｎ－半数活性浓度（ＥＣ５０）,黑呆头鱼９６ｈ－急性毒性值建立了包括ＥＮＬＵＭＯ在内的ＱＳＡＲ模式,探讨了硝基芳烃化全物的毒性作用机制,研究表明,硝基芳烃化合物的生物活性不仅与     

Uptake of 17β-estradiol and biomarker responses in brown trout (Salmo trutta) exposed to pulses

In streams, chemicals such as 17β-estradiol (E2) are likely to occur in pulses. We investigated uptake and biomarker responses in juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta) of 3- or 6-h pulses of concentrations up to 370 ng E2 L⁻¹. Uptake by the fish was estimated from disappearance of E2 from tank water. A single 6-h pulse of 370 ng E2 L⁻¹ increased the plasma vitellogenin concentration, liver Erα- and vitellogenin-mRNA. Exposure to 150-160 ng E2 L⁻¹ for 6 h increased vitellogenin in one experiment but not in another. Two 6-h pulses had a larger effect one pulse. Brown trout in the size range 24-74 g took up E2 linearly with time and exposure concentration with a concentration ratio rate of 20.2 h⁻¹. In conclusion, the threshold for induction of estrogenic effects in juvenile brown trout at short term pulse exposure appears to be in the range 150-200 ng E2 L⁻¹.     

Interactive effects of cadmium and hypoxia on metabolic responses and bacterial loads of eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica Gmelin

Pollution by toxic metals including cadmium (Cd) and hypoxia are important stressors in estuaries and coastal waters which may interactively affect sessile benthic organisms, such as oysters. We studied metabolic responses to prolonged hypoxic acclimation (2 weeks at 5% O₂) in control and Cd-exposed (30 d at 50 μg L⁻¹ Cd) oysters Crassostrea virginica, and analyzed the effects of these stressors on abundance of Vibrio spp. in oysters. Hypoxia-acclimated oysters retained normal standard metabolic rates (SMR) at 5% O₂, in contrast to a decline of SMR observed during acute hypoxia. However, oysters spent more time actively ventilating in hypoxia than normoxia resulting in enhanced Cd uptake and 2.7-fold higher tissue Cd burdens in hypoxia. Cd exposure led to a significant decrease in tissue glycogen stores, increase in free glucose levels and elevated activity of glycolytic enzymes (hexokinase and aldolase) indicating a greater dependence on carbohydrate catabolism. A compensatory increase in activities of two key mitochondrial enzymes (citrate synthase and cytochrome c oxidase) was found during prolonged hypoxia in control oysters but suppressed in Cd-exposed ones. Cd exposure also resulted in a significant increase in abundance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus levels during normoxia and hypoxia, respectively. Overall, Cd- and hypoxia-induced changes in metabolic profile, Cd accumulation and bacterial flora of oysters indicate that these stressors can synergistically impact energy homeostasis, performance and survival of oysters in polluted estuaries and have significant consequences for transfer of Cd and bacterial pathogens to the higher levels of the food chain.     

Evaluation of the fish short term reproduction assay for detecting endocrine disrupters

In a fish testing strategy, positive results of the fish short term reproduction assay (FSTR), often trigger a definitive test like the fish sexual development test (FSDT) or the fish full life cycle test (FFLC), entailing ethical and economic problems. This study analysed 137 studies encompassing 35 chemicals with different modes of actions (MOAs). Variability is quantified for MOA endpoints vitellogenin (VTG) and secondary sex characteristics (SSCs) as well as for apical endpoints. Two MOA endpoints could indicate estrogenic, anti-estrogenic, androgenic, anti-androgenic and steroidogenesis activities. Great variability, however, has been observed for chemicals with anti-androgenic and steroidogenesis activities, suggesting that TG229/230 may not be sensitive enough to detect these types of chemicals and may produce false negatives. Changes in apical endpoints like fecundity are not limited to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Non-EDCs could induce the similar effects on these apical endpoints. If elucidating MOA is needed, targeted in vitro MOA tests are suggested. Positive in vitro MOA results trigger a definitive test, which could be used for confirmation of the MOA in vivo and for deriving a no observed effect concentration (NOEC). Based on positive MOA results of TG229, a definitive test such as the FSDT or the FFLC is still needed, because the current TG229 has limitation on the derivation of a NOEC. An extended TG229 with more power to detect reproduction effects, as recently proposed in the OECD test guideline program, would improve the possibility to derive a NOEC and increase its usefulness in risk assessment.