真菌-细菌修复石油污染土壤的协同作用机制研究

提出并研究了真菌和细菌协同强化原位修复石油污染土壤.从中原油田石油污染土壤中筛选出刺孢小克银汉霉菌(Cunninghamella echinulata)和阴沟肠杆菌(Enterobacter cloacae),在泥浆体系中考察了Cun.echinulata和E.cloacae的生长及其对石油烃的降解过程.结果表明,混合培养体系中细菌和真菌的数量最高分别为其纯培养体系的3倍和20倍,细胞衰亡则被明显推迟;混合培养体系中石油烃的去除率高于真菌和细菌纯培养体系石油烃去除率的总和;采用多次接种新鲜菌种的培养方式能够强化混合培养体系对石油烃的降解.在石油烃污染土壤中接入由Cun.echinulata和E.Cloacae所组成的真菌-细菌微生物制剂实施原位修复,结果表明,Cun.echinulata和E.Cloacae的生长及其对石油烃的降解不受土著微生物的抑制,最适工艺条件为:水和木屑含量分别为25%和6%(质量分数),Cun.echinulata和E.cloacae接种量分别为2.5×104和2.5 × 107CFU/g.接种上述真菌-细菌40 d后石油烃去除率可达约65%,而土著微生物对石油烃去除率为16.0%.     

额济纳天然胡杨林水分利用效率动态变化研究

黑河下游的额济纳绿洲是我国西北地区重要的生态屏障,也是当地人民赖以生存的自然资源,然而由于种种原因,这片绿洲正在衰败并且有消亡的危险.胡杨是典型的潜水旱中生植物,它虽然有较强的耐大气干旱、耐盐碱能力,其生长发育与水分条件的优劣有着十分密切的关系.本文通过研究额济纳天然胡杨的叶水势、蒸腾速率、光合速率的变化规律,综合分析其水分利用效率与叶水势的相关关系,了解胡杨树体内水分运移关系,为揭示胡杨生存现状和合理利用水资源提供理论依据,为合理保护额济纳绿洲胡杨林提供科学支持.     

基于大肠杆菌的CellSense生物传感器毒性分析性能研究

采用聚碳酸酯膜直接固定法制备并优化了大肠杆菌（E.coli Top10）CellSense生物传感器微生物电极,探讨了其在重金属和有机污染物生物急性毒性分析中的应用性能.结果表明,基于对数生长后期和稳定期E.coli微生物电极的CellSense生物传感器具有良好的毒性分析性能,基于衰减期E.coli菌株的CellSense生物传感器毒性分析的稳定性和灵敏性降低;CellSense生物传感器测试得Hg²⁺、Cu²⁺、Zn²⁺、邻氯苯酚和对硝基苯酚对E.coli的EC50分别为0.6、3.1、5.8、180和94 μg/mL,制备的E.coli微生物电极在冰箱中4℃保存2个月,仍能很好地满足毒性分析的需要.     

B610E不同焊接接头在石油沉积水中的耐蚀性研究

通过室内浸泡、应力腐蚀试验对B610E高强储罐铜所用不同焊接方式在石油沉积水中的耐蚀性进行研究。结果表明,B610E气体保护焊材料的耐蚀性最好,将Q235＋B610E埋弧平焊对接后,由于存在电偶对,耐蚀效果最差。在石油沉积水中,B610E埋横焊具有中等SCC抗力,B610E气体保护焊、B610E气电立焊以及B610E＋Q235埋弧平焊对接具有高的SCC抗力。     

QUAL2E模型在长江重庆段水质模拟中的应用研究

QUAL2E模型是美国国家环境保护局(USEPA)推出的一个河流综合水质模型。三峡成库后,由于河道的水文特性将发生重大变化,长江重庆主城区段水环境也将发生变化。但成库后长江重庆主城区段水文特征与目前平水期相当。因此,以长江重庆主城区段平水期水质为原型,应用QUAL2E模型对成库后的水质进行了模拟和预测。选用水温、溶解氧、叶绿素a作为模拟预测指标,并对模拟结果进行了验证,结果表明预测值与实测值的相关性较好。为QUAL2E模型在长江的多参数水质模拟上进行了探索,可供参考。     

地方“资源诅咒”与“生态赤字”的经济学分析——以“榆林市”等资源型城市为例

我国陕西省榆林市、甘肃省白银市、辽宁省抚顺市及四川省古蔺县等地区,依托丰富的铜、煤炭、天然气等矿产资源带动了当地经济的快速发展。然而,对资源的过度依赖和开发,使地方经济无可回避地面临"资源诅咒"和"生态赤字"问题。本文在界定"资源诅咒"和"生态赤字"概念,及其产生的经济学根源的基础上,对"榆林市"、"白银市"等典型资源型城市的"生态赤字"现状予以分析,提出基于"3E系统模型"视角下,解决资源型城市"资源诅咒"和"生态赤字"问题,实现地方经济可持续发展的路径选择。     

Methodological approach for metal pollution evaluation in sediments collected from the Taranto Gulf

The concentrations of Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, V, and Sn were determined in marine sediments collected from Taranto Gulf (Ionian Sea, Southern Italy). The aim of this article is to study the methodological approach in order to evaluate total metal levels determined in marine sediments of a contaminated area (Taranto Gulf, Southern Italy), to identify contaminated areas and to predict adverse biological effects based on Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs). The results are discussed in relation to geological characteristics of sediments in order to define background levels and anthropogenic input. Experimental results were elaborated by multivariate statistical techniques and Geographical Information System (GIS) software. The geoaccumulation index I _geo and two sets of SQGs (in particular (a) the threshold effect level (TEL), the probable effect level (PEL) and (b) the effect range-low (ERL) and the effect range median (ERM)) have been used for environmental evaluation of metal concentrations. Results show that in Taranto coastal area, Mar Piccolo basin represents the most contaminated area. A comparison with results from other Mediterranean areas demonstrates that for some metals (such as Cd, Pb, and Hg) Taranto seas represent one of the most polluted areas in the Mediterranean Sea. A comparison of metal levels with SQGs also suggests an ecotoxicological risk for benthic organisms mainly in the first inlet of Mar Piccolo.     

电子废弃物拆解园区重金属排放特征和周边土壤重金属污染来源解析及风险评价

对某典型电子废弃物拆解园区排放的废气以及周边土壤中的重金属进行监测分析。结果显示,拆解过程中排放的重金属总量由高到低依次为：锡（Sn）、铬（Cr）、镍（Ni）、铅（Pb）、铜（Cu）、锑（Sb）、锰（Mn）、砷（As）、镉（Cd）、汞（Hg）;从处理工艺来看,几个主要拆解工序均有重金属排放,排放量由高到低依次为：加热烤板、火法冶炼、塑料造粒和湿法冶炼工序。园区周边土壤中的Hg、Cd、Cu、Pb平均质量分数超过珠三角土壤污染风险筛选值。相关性和主成分分析结果表明,Pb、Cu、Cd、Ni、Zn等重金属来源于电子废弃物拆解过程,包括废水排放、大气干湿沉降和固体废弃物随意堆放等途径,Cr可能主要来源于成土母质,Hg有电子废弃物之外的其他来源。土壤生态风险评价结果表明,该区域属于很强生态风险,其中Cd和Hg对生态危害的贡献率达到91.6%。土壤环境容量评价结果表明,该区域仅有As和Cr的土壤现存容量较大,Zn和Ni的土壤现存环境容量较小,已达到警戒值,其余重金属均处于超载状态。该地区土壤重金属污染状况须引起足够重视,应尽快制定管控治理措施。     

Linkages to manufacturing in the resource sector: The case of the Angolan oil and gas industry

This paper discusses the current state and future prospects of backward production linkages to the manufacturing sector in the Angolan oil and gas industry. The paper finds that local value-added links are currently limited to labour and to a lesser degree in basic services. However, there is a realistic and strategic potential for local manufacturing linkages to expand in the oilfield services sector of the industry, which in turn can stimulate industrial development. For this to be achieved, the factors that are currently constraining the expansion and deepening of linkages have to be addressed, namely, a weak local content strategy, a weak local skills and industrial base and the integration of industrial and oil sector policies.     

Microbial Contamination of Groundwater at Small Community Water Supplies in Finland

The raw water quality and associations between the factors considered as threats to water safety were studied in 20 groundwater supplies in central Finland in 2002-2004. Faecal contaminations indicated by the appearance of Escherichia coli or intestinal enterococci were present in five small community water supplies, all these managed by local water cooperatives. Elevated concentrations of nutrients in raw water were linked with the presence of faecal bacteria. The presence of on-site technical hazards to water safety, such as inadequate well construction and maintenance enabling surface water to enter into the well and the insufficient depth of protective soil layers above the groundwater table, showed the vulnerability of the quality of groundwater used for drinking purposes. To minimize the risk of waterborne illnesses, the vulnerable water supplies need to be identified and appropriate prevention measures such as disinfection should be applied.