电子废弃物的污染及其回收利用对策

"电子废弃物"(E-waste或Waste from Electronics and Electronic Equipment),又称为"电子垃圾",电子电器产品在达到使用寿命后就报废成为了电子废弃物.随着信息产业的飞速发展和电子电器设备的广泛运用,电子废弃物成为世界上增长最快的垃圾.发达国家经济水平高,电子电器产业起步早,更早的面对了电子废弃物所带来的环境资源问题,为了使电子废弃物的回收和再利用取得良好的效果,必须结合中国国情,在国策、法律、制度、技术和管理等方面进行深入细致的研究,开发电子垃圾处理的新领域.结合国外废旧电子、电器产品回收处理政策及技术对中国废旧电子、电器产品回收处理提出了意见和建议.     

中德财政合作辽宁朝阳生态造林项目监测方法的探讨

项目监测在中德财政合作辽宁朝阳生态造林项目执行中起着非常重要的作用.总结多年监测经验,对造林类型,取样方法,评估的数量标准,面积的真实性和评估的质量标准等方面进行科学归纳,形成了一套科学实用的监测方法与监测体系,对提高监测效率和保证造林质量发挥了重要作用.     

Aphid alarm pheromone (E)-β-farnesene: A host finding kairomone for the aphid primary parasitoidAphidius uzbekistanicus (Hymenoptera: Aphidiinae)

Summary The present study aimed to test the possible function of the aphid alarm pheromone (E)--farnesene (EBF) as a host finding kairomone for aphid primary parasitoids. Extracts of volatile emissions of undisturbed aphids and of aphids under parasitoid attack were obtained by air entrainment. Extracts of cornicle secretions were gained by disturbing aphids and taking their secretions into solution. Extracts were compared by gas chromatography. Only air entrainments of aphids under attack and solvent extracts of cornicle secretions contained the alarm pheromone. In Y-tube olfactometer bioassays, femaleA. uzbekistanicus were attracted to aphid groups under attack of parasitoids, presumably by released EBF. High concentrations of synthetic EBF (1.4 µg to 5.7 µg) also attractedA. uzbekistanicus females. Females with oviposition experience reacted more readily to lower concentrations of EBF than females without experience. In experiments designed as Petri-dish bioassays, the test animals could contact filter paper discs that were treated with solutions containing EBF. Behavioural effects like antennation or stinging attack were not observed. With computer video analysis of parasitoid movements, some effects onA. uzbekistanicus behaviour were detected, again indicating attraction to EBF.As the volatile aphid alarm pheromone attractedA. uzbekistanicus females, it can be concluded that this chemical stimulus acts as a host finding kairomone for this parasitoid species. However, its effect over long distances seems to be limited due to the relatively high concentrations required for reactions. Of two other parasitoid species examined (P. volucre andL. testaceipes) onlyP. volucre was also significantly attracted to the volatile EBF in the Y-tube olfactometer.     

铜对缘管浒苔（Enteromorpha linza）的毒性效应

研究了铜对缘管浒苔（Ｅｎｔｅｒｏｍｏｒｐｈａｌｉｎｚａ）的毒性效应，试验了不同的配合剂对铜的毒性效应及累积量的影响。结果发现，铜对缘管浒苔的毒性效应阈值为０．１０ｍｇ／Ｌ；０．５０ｍｇ／ＬＣｕ￣（２＋）可使缘管浒苔迅速死亡，培养９６ｈ后光合作用强度下降为零。ＥＤＴＡ可抑制铜在藻体中的累积，缓解毒性；８－羟基喹啉则促进铜在藻体中的累积，加刷了毒性。和铜污染的培养介质短期接触（＜１ｍ后，加入足量ＥＤＴＡ，藻体生长和对照组相当，较长时间接触（＞４ｈ）后，ＥＤ－ＴＡ不能使藻恢复生长。结合ＥＤＴＡ“洗脱”实验提出，Ｃｕ￣（２＋）可能首先经离子交换机制结合于藻体表面，之后，才逐步向细胞内转移。     

Screening pesticides for their ability to damage bacterial DNA

Abstract

Twenty‐six pesticides and pesticide degradation products were screened (125 μg ‐ 2000 μg) for their ability to induce unrepairable damage to bacterial DNA. Three repair test systems were utilized in this study, the Salmonella typhimurium (TA1538/TA1978), the E. coli K‐12 (Pol A₁ ⁺/Pol^‐ ₁) and the E. coli WP₂ (WP₂, WP₂ uvrA, WP67, CM611 and CM571). Aldicarb (1000 μg), benomyl (250 μg), 2‐aminobenzimidazole (2000 μg), captan (125 μg), fenazalor (500 μg), 5,6‐dichloro‐2‐trifluoromethylbenzimida‐zole (NC‐2983) (250 μg), isothymol (250 μg), maleic hydrazide(1000 μg), pentachloronitrobenzene (1000 μg) were DNA‐damaglng to one or more bacterial test systems. Isothymol and NC‐2983 affected all three test systems. Chlorinated hydrocarbon insec ticides, some being recognized as carcinogens, did not: produce a zone of inhibition in any of the tester strains possibly due to their poor solubility and diffusion in the agar overlay. It was concluded that these tests can be performed along with bacterial reversion tests to complement each other as short‐term screening tests for potential carcinogens and mutagens.     

超声、过硫酸钾协同去除水中诺氟沙星的效果

过硫酸钾活化可产生强氧化性硫酸根自由基(SO-4·),采用超声/过硫酸钾体系氧化降解诺氟沙星,考察了过硫酸钾浓度、诺氟沙星初始浓度、溶液初始p H值及自由基淬灭剂甲醇、叔丁醇对降解效果的影响.结果表明,超声/过硫酸钾体系能够显著降解和矿化诺氟沙星,与单独过硫酸钾、超声相比,超声/过硫酸钾对诺氟沙星的去除率分别提高了3.2和8.9倍,降解过程符合一级反应动力学.诺氟沙星的去除率随过硫酸钾浓度的增加趋于平缓.p H对诺氟沙星的降解影响较大,这是因为随p H的升高,体系中的氧化性物种由SO-4·转化为以SO-4·/HO·为主.TOC去除和大肠杆菌抗菌实验表明,反应180 min,超声/过硫酸钾能够实现49.12%的诺氟沙星矿化,且对大肠杆菌的抑菌圈直径由45 mm减小到14 mm(滤纸直径),完全去除其抗菌性.结果表明超声/过硫酸钾能够有效用于诺氟沙星废水处理.     

自然富硒土中Se对不同水稻籽粒吸收Cd的影响

通过水稻盆栽试验,在高低两种自然富硒土壤上种植3种水稻。结果发现,水稻籽粒Se含量与土壤中Se含量呈正相关,而土壤硒含量过高会降低水稻籽粒的产量。在添加Cd下,高富硒土种植的博优998、秋优998、金稻优998等水稻籽粒Cd含量比低富硒土分别降低了26.99%、10.28%、13.48%,说明土壤中适量的Se对水稻籽粒吸收Cd有拮抗作用。另外,秋优998富集Se、Cd的能力最强,生物产量最低,金稻优998达到富硒效果,而富集Cd的能力最弱,且生物产量较高,在筛选品种时,应优选金稻优998。     

环境中大肠杆菌快速生物检测技术研究进展

大肠杆菌作为水质卫生学指标,在环境水质监测中起着非常重要的指示作用.近年来为了克服大肠杆菌常规监测方法的不足,基于现代生物技术原理展开的环境中大肠杆菌的快速检测技术是国内外的研究热点.本文对环境介质大肠杆菌的分子生物学监测方法、免疫学检测方法等的原理及其在环境领域中的应用进行了综述和分析,并在此基础上对大肠杆菌的仪器化发展进行了展望.指出以现代生物技术为核心的并结合现代仪器技术的大肠杆菌快速检测技术将具有良好的应用前景,大肠杆菌的快速检测技术应向操作简单、快速、高灵敏度以及低成本方向发展.     

Alternating nitrification-denitrification via nitrite for nitrogen removal from soybean wastewater by SBR with real-time control

A novel treating technology for nitrogen removal from soybean wastewater was studied. The process for nitrogen removal was achieved by alternating aeration and mixing, combined with real\|time control strategies. Results showed that the COD and total nitrogen removal rates are more than 90% and 92% at COD and total nitrogen loads of 1.0-1.2 kg COD/(kgMLSS·d) and 0.20-0.27 kg TN/(kgMLSS·d), respectively. In addition, it could improve sludge settling property. SVI value is less than 70 g/ml during the whole cycles. The method not only may be adapted to treat soybean wastewater with high nitrogen, but also may be applied to treat other high nitrogen wastewater.     

快速评估近岸海洋水体与沉积物中E.coli与S.aureus抗生素抗性水平的新方法

随着抗生素抗性污染日益严重,快速评估环境中典型病原菌与条件性致病菌的抗生素抗性水平,对掌握区域环境抗生素抗性污染状况、揭示抗性污染传播规律至关重要。通过以最低抑菌浓度浸入抗生素改进MI、VJ培养基,并结合滤膜法,建立了针对近岸海洋环境中指示性病原微生物大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli,E.coli)与金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus,S.aureus)的抗生素抗性监测方法。水体和沉积物样品抗生素抗性水平评估实验结果显示,该方法具有较好重现性(水体和沉积物中E.coli和S.aureus抗生素抗性水平的相对标准偏差分别为11%、8%)与准确度(水体和沉积物中E.coli和S.aureus的平均回收率分别为83.5%、68.4%;相对于CLSI药敏试验的偏离度为±0.1)。且与CLSI药敏实验相比,该方法过程简便、耗时短(36 h/84 h),能最大限度节约经济和人员成本提高抗性评价效率。应用该方法评估辽河口与莱州湾环境中2种病原微生物磺胺类抗生素抗性水平,结果显示辽河口水体中E.coli和S.aureus磺胺二甲嘧啶的平均抗性率分别为27.0%、28.4%,沉积物中分别为35.5%、34.6%;莱州湾水体中E.coli和S.aureus磺胺二甲嘧啶的平均抗性率分别为26.0%、14.5%,沉积物中分别为12.0%、32.9%。该方法适用于河口、近岸海洋及入海排污口水体与沉积物样品中E.coli与S.aureus的快速分析及抗生素抗性水平评估。